The Wutaishan--Hengshan Archean greenstone belt type gold deposit in Shanxi Province is one of the largest and very typical gold deposits in the greenstone belts of the North China plate． It mainly occurs in the cherty iron-formation of Baizhiyan and Jingangku formations and in the mica-quartz schist of Hongmenyan Formation of Wutai Group． Typical gold deposits include Dongyaozhuang gold deposit in Wutaishan and Xiaobanyu gold deposit in Daixian． The gold orebodies are mainly stratified and lenticular，and the deposits are closely related to the cherty iron-formation in the Archaean greenstone belt and brittle-ductile shear zone． The ore rock type is characterized by pyritic sericite-albite schist，and gold mainly occurs in pyrite． Wall-rock alterations such as silicification and pyritization are closely related to gold mineralization． The gold deposit is a metamorphic hydrothermal type， which is closely related to the cherty iron-formation in the Archaean greenstone belt and the brittle-ductile shear zone．

 Field investigation，petrology，zircon U--Pb dating and geochemical analyses have been conducted for the quartzdiorite from the Aligya Forest Farm in the northern Xing＇an block，in order to discuss its formation age，petrogenesis and tectonic environment． LA--ICP--MS zircon U--Pb dating reveals that the Aligya quartzdiorite was formed in the Early Permian ( 295 ± 6) Ma． The Aligya quartzdiorites amples have w ( SiO2 ) of 61. 99% ～ 63. 65% ，and display relatively high w ( Al2O3 ) ( 15. 87% ～ 16. 21% ) ，w ( MgO) ( 1. 62% ～ 2. 24% ) and w ( FeOT ) ( 6. 83% ～ 9. 10% ) ． They are enriched in Na ( K2O/ Na2O = 0. 45 ～ 0. 99) ，and are classified as the high --K calc-alkaline，and metaluminous to peraluminous rocks． In addition，the Aligya quartzdiorite shows negative Eu anomalies ( δEu = 0. 70 ～ 0. 95) ，with enrichments in large ionic lithophilic elements ( e. g.，Ｒb，Ba，U) ， depletions in high field strong elements ( e. g.，Nb，Ta，Ti) ． The above geochemical characteristics suggest that the parental magma of the quartzdiorite could be generated from partial melting of the middle-lower basaltic crust，which then experienced crustal contamination during subsequent ascending． Together with the findings of coeval Atype granites and bimodal igneous assemblages，it is proposed that the Aligya quartzdiorite was emplaced under an extensional environment after the collision between the Xing＇an and Songnen blocks．

In order to constrain the tectonic evolution of the eastern part of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Orogenic Belt,the authors carried out a study on the petrogenesis and diagenetic tectonic background of the metamorphic gabbrocarbonatite complex in the Daxing iron mining area by using petrology, petrochemistry, petrogeochemistry and zircon U-Pb dating.The results show that the metamorphic gabbro-carbonatite complex in the Daxing iron mining area has the rock types of meta-gabbro, carbonatite and magnet ore body, and the mata-gabbro is the main rock type.Petrochemical study of the meta-gabbro showed that the w (SiO2) is from 44.23% to 48.80%, w (Na2O) is from 0.94% to 2.86%, w (K2O) is from 0.51% to 1.90%, w (TiO2) is from 0.42% to 0.93%, w (CaO) is from 8.73% to 14.78%, and the Na2O/ K2O ratio ranges from 1.12 to 2.27, MgO/ (FeO+MgO) ratio ranges from 0.54 to 0.60, (Mg2++Ni2+) / (Fe2++Fe3++Mn2+) ratio ranges from 1.44 to 2.02, Mg/ (Mg+Fe2+)ratio ranges from 0.60 to 0.68, and the differentiation index (DI) ranges from 11.76 to 31.79.The meta-gabbro rocks are basic-ultrabasic magma which is rich in iron and sodium, poor in potassium and titanium, and weak in differentiation.Geochemical studies show that the rocks are rich in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba [w (Rb) (4.80×10-6-74.82×10-6), w (Ba) (83.09×10-6-430.10×10-6)], and relatively rich in high field strength elements such as Hf, Th, Ta [w (Hf) (1.41×10-6-6.20×10-6), w (Th) (0.51×10-6-28.91×10-6),w (Ta) (0.47×10-6-9.91×10-6)], and ΣREE=(29.56×10-6-812.59×10-6 ); while, Nb is obviously depleted [ w (Nb) (2.94× 10-6-36.01× 10-6 ) ].The (Na2O+K2O) / TiO2 ratio is 0.10-5.54, Zr/ Y ratio is 1.93-5.67, La/ Nb ratio is 0.54-1.73, La/ Ta ratio is 5.53-11.13, Nb/ U ratio is 1.51-14.23.The geochemical characteristics are similar to continental tholeiitic basalts, and having the properties of intra-plate alkaline basalts.The carbonatite and meta-gabbro are interbedded.The average CaO/ (CaO+MgO+Fe2O3+FeO+MnO) ratio is 0.98, mean w (MgO) is 0.62, and mean w (FeO+Fe2O3+MnO) is 0.41.It is calcareous metamagnesic carbonatite which obviously rich in Sr [w (Sr) (1 727×10-6-1 794×10-6)].The complex magma may come from the partial melting of the asthenosphere enriched mantle, formed in the tectonic background of the stretching of the deep fault zone in the continental plate, and assimilated and mixed with crustal materials in a certain extent during the ascent.Most of the meta-gabbro zircons have the core-rim structure, the color of the core is mostly black.It is difficult to observe its internal structure, a few of the core can be seen wide oscillating bands.The Th/ U ratio is 0.23-4.19, which shows the characteristics of basic magmatic zircon.The weighted average age of 207Pb/ 206 Pb of the core is (2 098 ± 11) Ma (MSWD=1.2, n=18), which represents the condensation crystallization age of the gabbro.The color at the rims of the zircons is relatively light and uniform, without zonation,and the Th/ U ratio is 0.03-3.22, indicating metamorphic origin.The weighted average age of 207Pb/ 206Pb of the rims is (1 892 ±23) Ma (MSWD=2.2, n=14), which represents the metamorphic age of gabbro.Combined with regional geological data, it is considered that the eastern part of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Orogenic Belt was in a extensional tectonic environment in the Middle Paleoproterozoic, the formation of metamorphic gabbro-carbonatite complex in the Daxing iron mining area may be related to the extension during the tectonic evolution of the Songjiang-Chongshan fault zone.

In order to ascertain the petrogenesis，geotectonic setting and genetic connection with Late Triassic granites of the Early Jurassic granodiorites in Yeniugou area of Golmud City，the authors systematically conducted whole-rock geochemical，zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic studies on the above issues. The results show that the zircons of Yeniugou granodiorites exhibit typical magmatic zircon oscillatory zoning and Th/U values (0.25-1.28，>0.10)，with weighted average age and εHf(t) value of (198.4±1.6) Ma and 4.99-7.50，respectively. In geochemistry，the Yeniugou granodiorites show the geochemical properties of C-type adakitic rock，including high Sr [(400×10-6)-(420×10-6)] but low Mg [w(MgO)=0.95%-1.19%]，Y [(6.93×10-6)-(7.87×10-6)] and Yb [(0.65×10-6)-(0.77×10-6)] contents，with typical low Na2O/K2O ratios (1.12-1.34，<2)，relative depletion of heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements. Based on the geotectonic evolution，it can be inferred that the primary magma of Yeniugou granodiorites originated from the partial melting of Neopro-terozoic lower crustal amphibolite (TDM2=919-759 Ma). It is a continual magmatism of the Late Indosinian，and emplaced within the same geodynamic setting as the Late Triassic granitoids in a strong extensional background that was caused by the lower crustal delamination after the closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean and orogeny.

Aiming to 2，4-dichlorophenol (2，4-DCP)pollution in aqueous environment，the authors prepared nitrogen-sulfur co-doped biochar (NSBC)with high-efficiency adsorption and catalytic performance by high temperature pyrolysis process using rice straw as biochar precursor and thiourea as diatomic dopant for activating peroxynitrite (PMS)degradation of 2，4-DCP，and characterizing them. The results showed that the diatomic doping significantly increased the specific surface area，redox activity and active sites of the biochar materials，such as oxygen-containing functional groups and nitrogen and sulfur functional groups. Under optimal conditions，NSBC had an efficient catalytic capacity with 95.30% degradation of 2，4-DCP within 5 minutes. The degradation rate constant of NSBC/PMS system (0.542 min-1)was 2.7 times higher than that of BC/PMS system (0.197 min-1). In addition，NSBC still had good catalytic performance over a wide pH range. Analysis of electron spin resonance and quenching experiments showed that 1O2 and width=26,height=14,dpi=110 generated by activated PMS acted as the main reactive oxygen species (ROS)for the degradation process of 2，4-DCP.

As an important unconventional oil and gas reservoir unit，the formation and distribution of diabase are often controlled by their tectonic settings. Using petrology，geochemistry，and Sr--Nd isotopes geochemistry，the authors discuss the geochemical characteristics and geodynamic background of diabase of Es3 Member in Linnan Subsag，Bohai Bay Basin. The results show that the diabase belongs to the series of alkaline basalts with high Al，low Ti and enriched Na. The large ion lithophile elements (Rb，Ba，Pb，Sr) and light rare earth elements are relatively enriched，while the high field strength elements (Th，U) are relatively depleted，exhibiting a positive Eu anomaly. The diabase in the study area originates from the asthenosphere mantle，which is the result of mixing between different crust-mantle boundary zones. The formation of diabase is associated with intraplate magmatic activities，which suffered contamination by crustal materials during magma emplacement，occurring under a continental extensional tectonic setting. The Cenozoic extension in the Bohai Bay Basin occurred under an active rift environment，where the upwelling of the asthenosphere mantle was closely associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate and the development of an intraplate mantle plume.

Through the field geological mapping, the geological setting and its mineralization characteristics for tanzanite deposit at Merelani area, Tanzania are described in details, especially the occurrences of orebodies and characteristics of gemstone are analyzed and reviewed, further its genetic model is discussed preliminarily. It is considered that tanzanite has been formed in the altered graphite gneiss which distributed in the Neoproterozoic Mo⁃ zambique metamorphic belt at proximately 500 Ma when the Pan⁃⁃African movement was taken place. Being a skarn deposit related to the contact metasomatism, the lithostratigraphic and tectonic deformation are two main controlling factors. 

To explore the geodynamic mechanisms of the large-scale magmatic activity during Early Cretaceous in Da Hinggan Ling (Mts.), the authors focused on diabase in Huoluotai area in northern segment of Erguna Block,Da Hinggan Ling (Mts.), through the study of petrogeochemical characteristics and zircon U-Pb dating of diabase in Huoluotai area, aimed to determine its formation age, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting.Zircon LA -ICP -MS U –Pb dating results show that the weighted average age of diabase in Huoluotai area is (135.1 ±3.6) Ma, indicating that the crystallization age of diabase is Early Cretaceous.Whole rock geochemical data reveal that diabase in Huoluotai area is characterized by low w (SiO2) (48.84%-52.11%), high w (MgO) (5.13%-6.85%) and w (Fe2O3) (7.45%-8.60%).The Eu anomaly of diabase is insignificant or exhibits a weak negative anomaly (δEu =0.83-1.06).The diabase is enriched in large ion lithophile elements (such as Ba, Sr, and K), and depleted in high field strength elements (such as Zr, Ta, Nb, and Th).Diabase in Huoluotai area is only minimally influenced by fractional crystallization, crustal contamination, and accumulation processes.The Nb/ Yb -Th/ Yb diagram shows that diabase in Huoluotai area falls within the area of primitive mafic melts derived from subduction-modified lithospheric mantle.The Th/ Nb-Ba/ Th and Th/ Yb-Ba/ La diagrams indicate that the magma source of diabase in Huoluotai area was modified by fluids derived from subducted slabs.The La/ Nb-La/ Ba diagram reveals that the magma source of diabase in Huoluotai area is from the lithospheric mantle.The above geochemical characteristics indicate that diabase in Huoluotai area originated from a lithospheric mantle source metasomatized by fluids derived from subducted slabs.Combined with previous research, it is concluded that the formation of diabase in Huoluotai area in northern segment of Erguna Block, Da Hinggan Ling (Mts.) is closely related to the rollback process of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

Comprehensive research involving quantitative restoration of paleo-geotherm，paleo-geomorphology，sedimentary environment，and geological events were conducted to study the formation environment and genesis of hydrocarbon-rich shales in the Qingshankou Formation of northern Songliao Basin. The results show that the Ro of the hydrocarbon-rich shales in the Qingshankou Formation of Songliao Basin mainly ranges from 0.75% to 1.60%，with a high content of free hydrocarbons，mainly from 4 to 12 mg/g，formed under a high-temperature thermal basin background with a paleo-geothermal gradient of 50 to 70 ℃/km. Under the background of extensional geodynamics and thermal subsidence，shale layers controlled by densely fractured normal fault zones were formed. The paleo-geomorphology，characterized by two depressions and a protrusion，provided a conducive environment for the formation and evolution of these shales. The warm and humid climate of the lacustrine environment，along with magmatic hydrothermal fluids，laid the material foundation for the proliferation of algae，which was crucial for the development of thick layers of hydrocarbon-rich shales. The semi-deep lacustrine with oxygen deficiency，deep lake reduction，and strong reduction environment were conducive to the burial of organic matter. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the coupling effects of tectonics，lacustrine sedimentation，and paleo-geothermal conditions provided the tectonic background and thermodynamic conditions of hydrocarbon-rich shales. The warm and humid climate，anoxic environment，and nutrients brought by volcanic hydrothermal fluids are important reasons for the formation of hydrocarbon-rich shales.

To investigate the magmatic activity and tectonic evolution of Late Triassic⁃⁃Early Jurassic in south⁃ ern Xiao Hinggan Ling (Mts. ), and to identify its petrogenesis, formation time and tectonic setting, petrology, geochemistry and isotopic chronology of Late Triassic⁃⁃Early Jurassic monzogranites and syenogranites in Xiao Hing⁃ gan Ling (Mts. ) have been studied. The results show that the zircons of monzogranites and syenogranites are mag⁃ matic zircons with obvious magmatic oscillations and growth belts. The LA⁃⁃MC⁃⁃ICP MS zircons have U⁃⁃Pb dates of (202. 5 ± 1. 9) Ma and (191. 5 ± 1. 4) Ma, respectively, being Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. The geochemical characteristics show that the rocks are high silicon, rich potassium, rich alkali and low sodium, which is a I⁃⁃type granite of aluminous high potassium calc⁃alkaline series. Enrichment of Rb, K, Th, Hf, and deficit of Ba, Sr, Ti, Nb, P. Light rare earth elements are more abundant than heavy rare earth elements with an obvious negative anomaly (δEu = 0. 37 ~ 0. 58). Based on regional correlation and comprehensive study, it is preliminarily concluded thatthe tectonic setting of the granites in southern Xiao Hinggan Ling (Mts. ) is an active continental margin environ⁃ ment formed by the subduction of the paleo⁃⁃Pacific plate to Eurasia. 

Traditional Kalman filter is usually difficult for adaptive changes in the complex navigation environment of integrated GNSS/INS，which leads to the accuracy decreasing of parameter estimation or even the filter divergence. In this paper，Sage-Husa adaptive filter and robust filter based on innovation vector are introduced to process navigation data with forward and backward fusion. The comparison with traditional Kalman filter indicate that the estimation accuracy of horizontal attitude，heading angle，three-dimensional velocity and position is improved by 37.38%，64.23%，23.51%，29.06% on average，and the optimal improvement is 58.77%，95.17%，36.61%，49.20%，respectively.The adaptive，robust and forward and backward Kalman filters improve the accuracy and stability of parameter estimation，and can be used for post-processing of integrated navigation data in complex urban navigation environment.

It has always been an indispensable research in reservoir research to determine the boundaries of key physical properties between conventional and tight，tight and ineffective reservoirs and establish the criteria of grouping evaluation，at home and abroad. Taking sandstone reservoirs of Nantun Formation in Wuerxun-Beier sag of Hailar Basin as an example，the key physical property boundaries of the sandstone reservoirs of Nantun Formation are determined by comprehensive application of mechanical balance，oil-bearing occurrence，minimum flow pore throat radius and other methods. It has been recognized that the porosity of 12% and permeability of 1 mD constitute the boundary between conventional and tight reservoirs，with 4% porosity and 0.03 mD permeability being that between tight and ineffective reservoirs. Based on the study above，the criteria of reservoir grouping evaluation were established by the internal structure characterization parameters of the reservoir obtained by high pressure Hg injection，NMR and other experimental analysis. The sandstone reservoirs of the Nantun Formation are divided into five categories：conventional type Ⅰ(RQI≥1)，conventional type Ⅱ(0.33≤RQI<1)，tight type Ⅰ，(0.13≤RQI<0.33)tight type Ⅱ(0.07≤RQI<0.13)，and ineffective type(RQI<0.07)，which reveal the macroscopic physical properties and microscopic pore structure characteristics of different reservoir types. The oil test and production data confirm that the reservoir grouping scheme has a good correlation with production in oil test. Furthermore，it is clarified the adaptation testing technology of different types of reservoirs as follows. For conventional reservoir type I，industrial oil flow can be obtained by vertical wells routine testing. For conventional reservoir type Ⅱ，industrial oil flow requires a certain scale of fracturing. For tight reservoir type Ⅰ，industrial oil flow generally requires vertical well with large-scale fracturing. For tight reservoir type Ⅱ，industrial oil flow can be achieved by horizontal well with volume fracturing.

Volcanic eruptions are often triggered by magmatic activities within the Earth’s crust. Monitoring the surface deformation in volcanic regions can effectively infer the state of underlying magma. To monitor the surface deformation of the volcanic areas，Sakurajima Volcano in Japan was selected for a detailed study. We applied the SBAS-InSAR technique to process 75 Sentinel-1A images from 2019 to 2021. The results show that Sakurajima Volcano is in a relatively active phase，predominantly characterized by subsidence during the monitoring period，with an average deformation rate of -10.05 mm/a. The most significant subsidence was observed at the central zone of the volcano，amounting to a cumulative deformation of -62.72 mm. This area also exhibited pronounced seasonal variations. The uplift occurred mainly in the peripheral area of the volcano，with the maximum uplift occurring on the southeast side of Sakurajima，with a cumulative uplift of 108.71 mm during the monitoring period.

Songliao Basin is one of the main basins for unconventional oil and gas exploration and development in China.The 1st and the lower part of the 2nd members of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation are key focus layers for shale oil exploration.The research on the unclear sedimentary facies division and distribution issues of these layers in Changling Sag is beneficial for providing geological basis for shale oil exploration and selection in study area.Based on the drilling core, logging, and geochemical data of the 1st and the lower part of the 2nd members of the Qingshankou Formation in the Changling Sag of the Songliao Basin, and combining with the research results of the previous researchers, this paper conducts a detailed study of the sedimentary facies of the target layers in the study area from the aspects of lithofacies, sedimentary structure, and logging.The target strata in study area are divided into two sedimentary facies, the lake and delta facies, and four sedimentary subfacies including delta front, front delta subfacies, semi-deep lake and deep-lake subfacies.Among them, the front delta and semi-deep lake subfacies are advantageous sedimentary facies for shale oil exploration and development.The transgressive systems tract mainly develops delta front and front delta subfacies.Vertically, the two subfacies gradually slow down from bottom to top.Horizontally, the two subfacies gradually decrease towards the edge of the basin.The high water level systems tract mainly develops semi-deep lakes and deep-lake subfacies.Vertically, the two subfacies have a large thickness.Horizontally, the two subfacies extend to the center of the basin.The regressive systems tract mainly develops delta front, front delta, and semi-deep lake subfacies.Vertically, the semi-deep lake subfacies gradually slow down from bottom to top, while the thickness of the delta front and front delta subfacies gradually expands.Horizontally, the semi-deep lake subfacies decrease towards the center of the basin, while the delta front and front delta subfacies gradually extend towards the center of the basin.The dominant sedimentary facies zones mainly develop in late transgressive system tract and early regressive system tract.

 In order to explore the differences in land use between the black soil areas in Northeast China and the Mississippi Ｒiver basin in the United States，the authors compared the land use structure and landscape pattern of the two areas based on the land use data obtained by Google Earth Engine in 2017． The natural factors affecting land use structure were also analyzed by geographic detector． The results show that: the land use structure of Chinese black soil area is similar to that of the United States，and the land use structural index of the two areas were － 11. 30 and － 56. 11，which showed the land use pattern of Chinese black soil land is relatively better． It was found that climate had a greater influence ( 99. 90% ) ，followed by geological conditions ( 93. 00% ) ，and the comprehensive influence of natural factors had a greater effect． The black soil areas in China should learn the methods from the United States conservation tillage to improve the land use potential and stabilize the ecological function while improving the grain production capacity．

 Using Landsat5，Landsat7 and Landsat8 remote sensing satellite images，19 images in June were selected from 1991 to 2021． NDWI water index method and SVM classification method were used to monitor the change of water area in the main areas of Chagan Lake，and the dynamic analysis of the water area change was further conducted in combination with the annual average temperature and annual accumulated precipitation data of Songyuan City from 2000 to 2020． The results show that the water area of Chagan Lake displays a decreasing trend， with the maximum area appearing on June 13 of 1994 and the minimum area appearing on June 15 of 2021． From 1991 to 2009，the water area of Chagan Lake showed an overall increasing trend，whereas from 2010 to 2021，the water area of Chagan Lake showed an overall decreasing trend． The water area change in Chagan Lake is inversely proportional to the annual average temperature of Songyuan City，and directly proportional to the annual accumulated precipitation of Songyuan City．

Dachebeigou--Fu􀆳erling area is an important gold deposit distribution area, which located in the north of Jiapigou gold deposit mining area in Jilin Province, and several gold and antimony minerals such as Xingfu and Datudingzi have been discovered, indicating a certain prospecting potential. Based on the detailed study of metallogenic geological background and typical deposit characteristics of gold deposits in Dachebeigou -- Fu􀆳erling area of Jilin Province, the authors systematically summarized the prediction factors of regional gold deposits, established a regional prediction model for gold deposits, and delineated the minimum prediction areas with prospecting potential to provide a basis for the further deployment of exploration work. The evidence weight method was used to carry out the prediction of gold ore by “ mineral resources evaluation system” ( MRAS) software, and on the basis of the contour map and color block map, the delineation of the minimum prediction area was carried out according to the principle of minimum area has maximum minerality and minimum ore leakage rate, and the predicted gold resources were estimated by using the geological volume parameter method. In this work, a total of 13 minimum prediction areas of gold deposit were delineated, including 5, 6 and 2 minimum prediction areas of class A, B and C, respectively, and the estimated predicted resources of gold deposit were 36 295. 24 kg, of which the predicted resources of gold deposit within 500 m were 21 604. 31 kg and the predicted resources of 500 m to 1 000 m were 14 690. 93 kg. It is recommended to deploy investigation and evaluation work in the minimum prediction areas of class A, such as Zhilin, Datudingzi, Erdaodianzi, Beishan, Sidaogou and Xingfutun through the comprehensive evaluation of geological condition, geophysical and geochemical anomalies, resource potential and prospecting prospects, in order to explore new mineral areas and achieve new breakthroughs in gold prospecting.

To analyze the petrological characteristics, grain size distribution characteristics, sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution regularity of the Lower Karamay Formation in Block Si 1, Karamay Oilfield, Well D16 is selected as the standard well in the study area, and its drilling cores are used as the main data source for observation and experiments. Core observation, rock mineral thin section identification and sieve analysis are used to obtain petrological data such as colors, lithologies, sedimentary structure and texture, rock mineral composition and contents, and grain size distribution statistics of the Lower Karamay Formation reservoir in Block Si 1. The sedimentary facies types of the Lower Karamay Formation in Block Si 1 are identified based on sedimentary facies markers such as core colors, lithologic assemblages, structure and texture, grain size probability accumulation curves, C-M diagram, and structural parameter scatter plots. At the same time, combined with the geophysical data of more than 100 wells in the study area, the method of well logging is used to radiate the sedimentary facies model of the D16 standard well to other wells in the study area. By pulling the well-connected profile, the distribution regularity of sedimentary microfacies and sand bodies on the profile are analyzed. According to the thickness contour map of sandstone, the distribution regularities of sedimentary microfacies and sand bodies on the plane are analyzed. The results show that the core colors of Well D16 are brown, light brown, light gray and gray-green, and the lithologies are divided into unequal-grained sandstone, medium-fine sandstone, argillaceous siltstone, silty mudstone and mudstone according to the grain size, and the sandstone is divided into lithic sandstone, feldspathic lithic sandstone and lithic feldspathic sandstone according to the rock mineral types. The roundness is sub-angular to sub-rounded, the sorting is medium to poor. Massive bedding and tabular cross-bedding are developed, the contact relationships of particles are mainly point-line contact, and the pores are mainly residual intergranular pores. The probability accumulation curves of grain size are two-stage or four-stage types, the C-M diagram has the characteristics of traction flow, and the points of the structural parameter scatter plots are concentrated in the delta plain and front interval. The sedimentary environment of the Lower Karamay Formation reservoir in Block Si 1 is shallow,weakly oxidized to weakly reduced. Two sedimentary subfacies, the braided river delta front and the shallow lake,and four sedimentary microfacies, including the subaqueous distributary channel, the subaqueous interdistributary,the estuarine dam and the coastal shallow lake mud, are identified. The main reservoir sand bodies of the Lower Karamay Formation are subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies, which are distributed in lens-shaped and layered forms on the cross section and in strip-shaped and sheet-shaped forms on the plane. 

 Aiming at the problem of urban building area change detection，an improved U--Net method is proposed to detect high-resolution remote sensing building area change． According to the characteristics of buildings in high-resolution remote sensing images，and the original U--Net network，atrous convolution and space pyramid pool structures are introduced，which expands the receptive field of the model to detect changes in the building area． In comparison to the change vector analysis ( CVA) ，principal component analysis ( PCA) and U--Net series models， the proposed method achieves the highest accuracy． Compared with the original model，the F1 score increased by 10. 98% ，IoU score increased by 13. 50% ，and the change detection effect significantly improved． The research shows that the improved U--Net outperforms the conventional method in dealing with the problem of building area change detection．

 Full waveform inversion ( FWI) retrieves subsurface velocity parameters using waveform information such as travel-time，amplitude and phase of prestack seismic data． However，due to the absence of low-frequency components of seismic signals and the inaccuracy of initial model，the inversion often falls into local extreme values due to periodic jump phenomenon． Meanwhile，the accuracy of seismic wavelet and amplitude information also seriously affects the quality of inversion． A new full waveform inversion method of source-independent normalized global energy cross-correlation is proposed，which can effectively combine the characteristics of convolution wave field，normalized wave field and energy wave field to improve the stability and applicability of full waveform inversion． Numerical experiments show that the proposed method can alleviate the influence of amplitude distortion on inversion and construct an accurate large-scale velocity structure under the condition of inaccurate wavelet and absence of low-frequency of the source． Combined with the full waveform inversion method independent of the  source cross-correlation，an accurate underground velocity model can be constructed，and the proposed method has good anti-noise performance．

The timing of the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean is one of the controversial issues in the field of geoscience.The central Jilin Province, which was controlled by the evolution of the Paleo-Asian tectonic regime during the Paleozoic, is an ideal place to resolve the above issue.The authors conducted systematic zircon U-Pb geochronological and geochemical studies on lithic sandstones and silty slates from Yangjiagou Formation in the Dakouqin area, central Jilin Province, and determined the deposition time and provenance characteristics of Yangjiagou Formation.The maximum depositional age of the formation can be constrained by the youngest weighted average age of detrital zircons, and therefore the lower depositional ages of the two lithic sandstones samples (PM001-38-TW1 and PM001-135-TW1) from Yangjiagou Formation were determined to be (255 ± 5) Ma and (251 ±2) Ma, which are consistent to the Permian and Triassic boundary (251.902 ±0.024) Ma.Combined with the ages of zircons that captured from the surrounding Late Triassic monzogranite dated (235-227) Ma, and the timing of the monzogranite aged (232 ±2) Ma which intruded in, the Yangjiagou Formation in the study area would deposit during the Late Permian.Whole rock major and trace element geochemical data of the lithic sandstones and silty slates from Yangjiagou Formation indicate that w (SiO2) ranges from 65.13% to 70.73%, w (Al2O3) form 14.75% to 17.29%, w (K2O) form 2.43% to 3.87%, w (Na2O) form 1.59% to 3.26%, and the ratio of K2O/ Na2O is from 0.75 to 2.34.The light rare earth elements are relatively enriched, while the heavy rare earth elements are depleted, with LREE/ HREE and Eu/ Eu∗ ratios of 6.98-9.09 and 0.56-0.70, respectively.Based on the CIA-ICV diagram, the source composition discrimination diagram and the tectonic setting discrimination diagram, the sedimentary provenance of Yangjiagou Formation has experienced a relatively moderate weathering with a high maturity.The Yangjiagou Formation whose source rocks are mainly felsic, were deposited in active continental margin or continental island arc.Detrital zircon age distributions of Yangjiagou Formation can be divided into five groups: Paleoproterozoic (1 819- 1 785 Ma), Meso-Neoproterozoic (1 491-561 Ma), Cambrian-Carboniferous (522-301 Ma), Early and Middle Permian (295-259 Ma), and Late Permian to Middle Triassic (258-238 Ma).Based on previous studies of regional magmatism, Yangjiagou Formation has bidirectional provenance characteristics (North China Plate and Xing􀆳an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt).The provenance attribute and paleontological evidence of Yangjiagou Formation show a tectonic transition from collisional orogeny to a stable tectonic environment.Combined with the characteristics of magmatism in the study area, the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in central Jilin Province is considered to happen in the Late Permian-Middle Triassic.

To address the safety hazards associated with hidden goafs in mines，the authors utilize an array of detection techniques，including geological radar，high-density resistivity，transient electromagnetism，seismic methods，controllable source audio magnetotellurics，and audio magnetotellurics. Focusing on the Bayan Aobao area in the Sunite Right Banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region，this research specifically targets the optimization of goaf detection methods for fluorite deposits. By integrating the geological and physical characteristics of the deposit with the results of geophysical exploration，it was determined that a combined approach of geological radar and high-density resistivity methods is highly effective in detecting the distribution of hidden goafs. This combination successfully identified the spatial distribution of hidden goafs up to a depth of 90 m in the study area. The accuracy and feasibility of this detection methodology were further corroborated by drilling verification and 3D laser scanning.

Geological hazard risk evaluation plays a significant guiding role in disaster prevention and mitigation.Focusing on the issues of frequent and severe geological hazards in Lüchun County, this study conducts a geological hazard risk evaluation to provide scientific support for disaster prevention planning and risk management in Lüchun County.Taking Lüchun County in Yunnan Province as the study area, grid unit is selected as the evaluation unit, and nine evaluation factors are chosen: elevation, slope, aspect, distance to faults, distance to rivers,engineering geological rock groups, geomorphological types, curvature, and land use types.Utilizing the spatial analysis function of geographic information system, the weighted information value model, which combines the information value model and the analytic hierarchy process, is applied to evaluate the susceptibility of collapse and landslide geological hazards in Lüchun County.The monthly average rainfall in Lüchun County is selected as the triggering factor for geological hazard evaluation of landslides and collapses in the study area.Three disaster bearing factors: population density, the number of threatened people, and land use types, are selected to complete the vulnerability evaluation.The hazard index and vulnerability index are multiplied then to produce the risk evaluation of collapse and landslide geological hazards.The results show that Lüchun County can be divided into four risk levels:low, medium, high and extremely high, which accounted for 12.84%, 46.01%, 38.28% and 2.87% of the county area, respectively.The low risk areas are mainly located in the middle of Banpo Township, the north of Qimaba Township, the north of Daxing Town and the south of Gekui Township.The middle risk areas are mainly distributed in the north of Daheishan Town, the west of Dashuigou Township, the middle and south of Qimaba Township, the middle of Gekui Township and the southwest of Pinghe Town.High and extremely high risk areas are mainly distributed around Lüchun County and Daxing Town, Niukong Town, Sanmeng Township, Pinghe Town,and the middle of Dashuigou Township.The results of geological hazards risk evaluation obtained in this paper are in good agreement with the actual investigation.

 Enping 13--14 sub sag is the easternmost small sub sag in the Zhu Ⅲ depression，which is close to the Yangjiang --Yitong strike-slip fault． The tectonic transformation in the Wenchang period has an obvious controlling effect on sedimentary filling． Based on the analysis of drilling and seismic data，it is considered that fan delta， braided river delta，shallow lake，and semi-deep lake-deep lake subfacies are developed in the Wenchang Formation． The sedimentary process is dominated by axial provenance． The rotation of the extension direction of the region and the activity of the Yangjiang--Yitong strike-slip fault zone led to the migration of the fault system and the subsidence center in the Enping 13--14 sub sag along the strike of the basin-controlling fault to the northeast from the early Wenchang to late Wenchang sedimentary period． Overall，the migration was from Enping 13 sub sag to Enping 14 sub sag，and the sedimentary system changed from the east to the west． There may be magmatic activities during the Enping period in the central part of the two sub sags． It is found that the influence range of magmatic activities is small，which only affects the identification of seismic facies near the well．

Based on the core and thin section data，combined with the seismic and physical properties tests，the characteristics and development regularity of the volcanic rock reservoirs in the Huoshiling Formation of Chaganhua subsag，Changling fault depression have been studied. The results show that the volcanic rocks were erupted at three stages with four types of lithology. Stage 1 is a subaerial eruption，mainly dominated by effusive facies and explosive facies. Stage 2 is developed in a transitional eruption environment with a large number of volcanic-sedimentary facies. Stage 3 is a subaqueous environment eruption，which is dominated by subaqueous explosive facies. Volcanic rock reservoirs are mainly developed in tuffaceous sandstones of the volcanic sedimentary facies (stage 2)and medium-coarse grained tuffs of the subaqueous explosive facies (stage 3).The reservoir space of middle-coarse grained tuff reservoir is dominated by a large number of devitrified pores，while the reservoir space of tuffaceous sandstone reservoir is dominated by dissolution pores. Both types of reservoirs are microporous reservoirs，with a medium pore value of 3.8% and a median permeability value of 0.03×10-3 μm2. The tuffaceous sandstone reservoirs of stage 2 are widely distributed and stratified. The middle-coarse grained tuff reservoirs of stage 3 are developed lenticular in space and developed near the volcanic eruption center.

To elucidate the sedimentary characteristics and reservoir development patterns of the near source sandy braided river delta in the Laizhou Bay Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin，an analysis was conducted using seismic，drilling，logging data，core observations，and grain size analysis. This study summarized the sedimentary characteristics of the upper part of the 3rd member of the Shahejie Formation (width=32,height=17,dpi=110) in the K Oilfield. The results indicate that in thewidth=32,height=17,dpi=110of the K Oilfield, three subfacies can be identified: the braided river delta plain, braided river delta front, and the braided river front delta. Six sedimentary microfacies are further distinguished: braided river channels, alluvial plains, underwater distributary channels, mouth bars, sheet sands, and underwater interdistributary channels. These microfacies exhibit distinct particle size distribution characteristics. A complete set of transgressive and regressive cycles is evident inwidth=32,height=17,dpi=110. Initially, sedimentation was dominated by underwater distributary channels with sand reservoir thicknesses ranging from 4 to 9 m. Mouth bars developed at the channel ends with reservoir thicknesses of 3 to 8 m. The distributary channels, having the widest planar distribution, constitute the key reservoirs in the area. Subsequently, as the lake level gradually rose, the extent of mouth bar development peaked. After reaching the maximum flooding surface, the lake level slowly declined, leading to the development of the braided river delta plain subfacies at the top ofwidth=32,height=17,dpi=110, where the sandstone thickness reduced to 2 to 5 m.

 As urbanization continues to accelerate, it is difficult to acquire real-time data on potential pavement
 collapse hazards utilizing traditional methods. At present, efficiently monitoring pavement collapse has become a key
 challenge in the field of pavement safety. For this problem, the authors propose a method which combines time-series
 InSAR with wavelet transform. This method analyzes the change cycle of the subsidence point to obtain the deformation information, and extracts the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of ground subsidence. For those areas
 with obvious spatial and temporal evolution characteristics, the accuracy of the InSAR results will be further verified
 by using the microtremor detection seismograph. We selected 52 Sentinel-1A images captured between March 2022
 and November 2023 to obtain the surface subsidence results in the central urban area of Changchun by the time-series
 InSAR method. The results showed that the maximum deformation rate was-30. 58 mm/ a, and the maximum cumu
lative subsidence was-73. 3 mm in the study area. A detailed analysis of the representative deformation area, Nanhu
 avenue, revealed a maximum deformation rate of- 28. 44 mm/ a, a maximum daily average deformation rate of-0. 93 mm/d, and a maximum cumulative subsidence of-56.4 mm. The analysis of significant subsidence points
 based on wavelet transform uncovered their subsidence evolution processes. The development of surface subsidence in
 severely affected areas was influenced by multiple periodic variations of different magnitudes and levels, with nested local
 cycles within these periodic time scales that affect the specific trends of subsidence development. Using microtremor
 detection seismograph to collect data from regions with obvious evolutionary characteristics, the authors generated a
 geological profile of Nanhu avenue. According to the profile, significant subsidence points exhibited a phenomenon of
 slurry infiltration. This further validated the accuracy of the subsidence monitoring results. Finally, by comparing the
 actual pavement collapse incident in the Nanhu avenue metro construction area to the subsidence results monitored in this
 study, the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method in practical applications were validated.

To achieve efficient removal of antibiotics and heavy metals in aquatic environments，a magnetic biochar-based bismuth tungstate photocatalyst (BC@ZFO/BWO)integrating efficient adsorption，visible-light photocatalytic activity，and magnetic recyclability has been prepared by using a hydrothermal method in this study. The experimental results showed that when the mass fraction of magnetic biochar (BC@ZFO)doping was 25%，the adsorption performance and photocatalytic activity of BC@ZFO/BWO were optimal. Within 120 minutes，the adsorption rate of 20.00 mg/L tetracycline (TC)was 58.38%. Within 60 minutes of light reaction，the removal rates of 20.00 mg/L TC and Cr(Ⅵ)were 95.36% and 98.04%，respectively. ESR test results indicated that width=26,height=14,dpi=110 and ·OH played a dominant role in the photocatalytic degradation process. Repeated usage experiments demonstrated that 25% mass fraction (BC@ZFO)/BWO possessed good stability and magnetic recyclability. It can be seen that compared with the traditional bismuth tungstate photocatalysts，the construction of BC@ZFO/BWO photocatalytic composite material enhanced the redox capability of photocatalysts for organic pollutants and heavy metals in water，providing new insights for water pollution remediation and the recovery of powder catalysts.

In order to explore the electromagnetic wave detection response characteristics of shallow under-
ground buried targets in a specific medium and meet the urgent needs of urban underground pipeline management
and unknown target detection, a high-performance antenna for ground penetrating radar system was innovatively
designed based on the in-depth analysis of the rectangular waveguide theory. Firstly, according to the propagation
characteristics of electromagnetic waves in the rectangular waveguide, the basic model of the antenna is constructed,
the cut-off frequency of the antenna is calculated, and the monopole probe is selected as the effective excitation
source. Secondly, the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) of Ansys electronics desktop (AEDT) simulation
platform was used to carry out numerical simulation and optimization of the antenna model. By in-depth analysis of
the influence of the installation position and insertion depth of the monopole probe in the rectangular waveguide on
the transmission characteristics of the antenna, the S11 reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and
radiation pattern of the antenna were accurately adjusted. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy of the theoretical
analysis and simulation results, the antenna was fabricated with aluminum foil board material, and the ground
penetrating radar system was built with vector network analyzer (VNA) in a controlled sand trough environment for
field testing, and the detection height of the antenna was adjusted to cover underground targets at different depths.
Experimental results show that the antenna can stably and accurately identify all preset targets. The ground penetrating
radar antenna based on rectangular waveguide shows excellent directionality, ultra-wideband and high resolution
after finely adjusting the insertion depth of the probe and the distance between the probe and the short-circuit
surface of the rectangular waveguide to achieve the best matching of antenna impedance, which provides an efficient
and accurate new tool for urban underground space management and unknown target detection.

 In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of urban underground space exploration，the research on cross-gradient joint inversion algorithm of cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT and cross-hole seismic wave CT has been carried out by studying the joint CT inversion method of cross-gradient structure constraint． Through inversing double anomaly body geological model with inconsistent structure，the authors prove that the strategy of cross-gradient joint inversion can effectively reduce the multi-solution of inversion results and improve the structural consistency of different models．

To address the challenge of long-duration data collection difficulty in urban geophysical exploration resulted from regulatory restrictions on exploration sites，the authors utilize ultra-short-duration passive source noise data. By employing the phase-weighted stacking of cross-correlation functions，dispersion curves are extracted. The fundamental mode dispersion curves are then inverted to obtain a one-dimensional S-wave velocity profile. Utilizing this profile as an initial model，a second-stage inversion is conducted，which reveals the presence of underground cavities. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of using ultra-short-duration passive source surface-wave imaging for cavity detection.

During Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic, it was found that the tectonic evolutionary history of the Zhangguangcai Ling (Mts. ) in Northeast China can be divided into 3 stages: ① Late Permian⁃⁃Middle Triassic (266⁃⁃234 Ma), the westward subduction of Heilongjiang Ocean formed I⁃⁃type grantic rocks; ② Late Triassic⁃⁃ Early Jurassic (224⁃⁃194 Ma), the Jiamusi⁃⁃Khanka Block and the Songliao Block collided after the closure of Hei⁃ longjiang Ocean, forming I⁃⁃type with a few A⁃⁃type granitic rocks; ③ Early⁃⁃Middle Jurassic (194⁃⁃163 Ma), A2 ⁃⁃ type and I⁃⁃type granites were developed under the complex influence of the extensional environment after the colli⁃ sion of the two blocks and the westward subduction of the Paleo⁃⁃Pacific Ocean. Combined with new evolution on the Heilongjiang Complex and the Nadanhada Terrane, the authors consider that the transition between the Paleo⁃⁃ Asian Ocean and the Paleo⁃⁃Pacific Ocean in eastern Eurasia occurred in the Late Triassic⁃⁃Early Jurassic, and the Heilongjiang Ocean was an important hinge linking up the tectonic transition between these two domains. 

To systematically understand the sequence boundary identification and sedimentary environment evolution in the ultra⁃deep water area of the Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, the authors conducted a compre⁃ hensive analysis using trace and major element data from the carbonate rock section of the Late Oligocene Zhuhai Formation to Early Miocene Zhujiang Formation of the drilled Well A1 in Baiyun Sag. The results show: ①Three third⁃order sequence boundaries of SB24. 80, SB23. 03 and SB21. 00 were identified through the variation charac⁃ teristics of parameters such as concentrations of Pb, Zn, Rb, Al 2O3 , Fe2O3 , and Th / U ratio. ②Based on the var⁃ iability of Sr/ Ba, V/ Ni, Sr/ Cu, Al 2O3 / MgO, and MgO/ CaO ratios, it is confirmed that the sample section deposi⁃ ted mainly in a sedimentary environment characterized by arid climate and relative sea⁃level rise. ③Ratios of V/ Cr, Ni / Co, V/ (V + Ni) suggest that the carbonate rocks in Well A1 are mainly developed in ancient marine wa⁃ ter bodies of oxidizing environments, with shallow water bodies. In the later stage, the water level tended to rise to⁃wards hypoxic conditions, and the development of carbonate rocks was terminated by “drowning”. 

In order to investigate the diversity and complexity of sedimentary reservoirs, to clarify the sedimentary characteristics and sand body development rules of the Cretaceous Shushanhe Formation (K1s) in Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin, and to analyze the relationship between sedimentary microfacies and reservoir sand body distribution,core analysis and logging analysis methods were used to identify lithological markers, mainly including rock color,composition, sedimentary texture, sedimentary structure, rock type and lithological associations, and to identify logging markers, including qualitative logging curve characteristics and quantitative logging data characteristics.Adopting systematic sedimentological analysis methods, mainly geological methods, the authors summarized lithology and logging sedimentary facies markers, and established sedimentary microfacies classification standards, and analyzed sedimentary facies types and their evolutionary characteristics vertically and on the profile through the study of single-well facies and profile facies.We also analyzed the plane characteristics of sedimentary microfacies by using ratio of sand to stratum, and the distribution pattern of sandstone in the region by using thickness of sand body.Based on the core and logging data, a sedimentary microfacies division standard was established, one singlewell sedimentary facies diagram and two horizontal and vertical profile facies diagrams were drawn; while the sedimentary microfacies plane and sand body distribution of four small layers were completed, and the regional braided river delta front sedimentary model was summarized.The Upper Member of Shushanhe Formation (K1s3) in TP12 -8 well area belongs to the shallow water gentle slope braided river delta front sedimentation system, which identifies three sedimentary microfacies of the subaqueous distributary channel, the subaqueous interdistributary channel and the channel edge, and the provenances come from the southern area of Tuofutai.Because the sedimentary environment is a large oxidized wide shallow lake basin, it has unique sedimentary characteristics.Different from the general subaqueous deposition, the color of sediments in the TP12-8 well area is oxidized, such as brown.Sand body is stacking developed, mainly fine sandstone, accounting for about 75% of the total area on the plane, and the thickness of the sand body can reach 1.4-23.9 m.The subaqueous distributary channel is the main sedimentary face in the study area, and the mouth bar does not develop.After the channel enters the lake, it continues to extend,running through the whole study area in a strip shape, with a width of 1.5-9.0 km.

To study imaging optimizing algorithms for low signal-noise rate (SNR) seismic data in irregular topography, an effective coherence constraint noise suppression method is established according to the obvious difference in coherence characteristics between noise and effective reflected signals, which can provide theoretical and technical support for practical applications of the imaging in irregular topography.In order to solve the problem of conventional imaging of low signal-to-noise ratio seismic data in irregular topography, a coherence constraint Gaussian beam migration method for irregular topography is proposed in this paper.The elevational correction of
time-shift eliminates the inaccuracy of beam decomposition caused by irregular topography.Horizontal projection equivalent discrete interval (HPEDI) for beam center and receiver location is designed to solve the drawback of unbalance of imaging amplitude.About the coherence constraint, a new stable complex domain weighted coherence spectrum computing method is proposed, and the threshold extraction and exponential strengthening methods for effective reflection signal are designed to achieve the effective suppression of random noise and incoherent false imaging.Numerical experiments of 2 synthetic data examples and 2 measured data examples are applied to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in noise and false image suppression.The proposed HPEDI method can achieve significant image optimization in amplitude equalization and arc false image suppression for the synthesized data in irregular topography.The coherence spectrum of real measured data verifies that the weighted coherence spectrum is smoother and more stable than the conventional coherence spectrum.Most of the arc false images of the synthesized data in a layered model are suppressed by using the threshold of coherence spectrum.The irregular real measured low signal-to-noise ratio data prove that the proposed coherence constraint method suppresses random noise obviously.The proposed coherence constraint migration imaging method can effectively suppress the noise and false imaging without coherence characteristics in the imaging process, and can significantly improve the imaging effect. 

The Moleger River area in Chen Barag Banner, Hulunbeier City, Inner Mongolia is located on the east side of the De＇erbugan fault zone, in which the well developed northeast and northwest trending structures pro⁃ vide ore⁃bearing space and ore⁃conducting channels. Based on field geological survey, combined with composite geochemical anomalies, IP anomalies and surface trenching engineering, the authors delineated 4 molybdenum ore bodies and 9 molybdenum mineralization bodies in the working area, including 2 industrial ore bodies (Ⅰ and Ⅱ) and 2 low⁃grade ore bodies (Ⅲ and Ⅳ). The ore⁃bearing lithology is altered rhyolitic crystal tuff of Manketouebo Formation. According to the Mo anomaly characteristics, the Moleger River area is divided into four metallogenic potential areas, among them the No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 areas are expected for hydrothermal minerals, while the No. 4 area is looking for porphyry molybdenum and polymetallic minerals. The No. 1 and No. 2 areas have great metallogenic potential, and the No. 3 and No. 4 areas are expected to be mineralized. Meanwhile, the future pros⁃ pecting direction of the four metallogenic potential areas is pointed out. 

 The clay rock in Dakuqin--Gangyao area of Jilin City was selected as the survey object，through geological mapping，shallow drilling，tank exploration and laboratory testing，it was determined that the clay rock is weathered sedimentary clay deposit． The main mineral is kaolin，which can be divided into refractory clay and spherical clay in industry，and two remote prospecting scenic spots were delineated． The metallogenic prospect area should be further identified，and divided the grade of the mineral industry to improve the mineral value of the clay rock in this area

 The characteristics and main controlling factors of the low permeability sandstone reservoirs in the Zhujiang Formation of Yangjiang sag X oilfield have been studied by core observation，rock sample test，rock microscopic observation，scanning electron microscope and mercury injection testing． The results show that the low permeability reservoirs in the Zhujiang Formation of X oilfield are mainly feldspar lithic quartz sandstone，of which the lithic types consist mainly of acidic eruptive rocks and mica quartz schists，with medium to poor separation． The compaction is relatively weak and the cementation of carbonate and argillaceous is strong． A large number of argillaceous carbonate cements and clay mineral cements produced in the delta front sedimentary environment fill intergranular pores，block pore throats，and lead to low permeability of sandstone． The dissolution of feldspar is widespread，but the porosity and permeability increasing are not obvious． Pore type is mainly primary intergranular  pore，and pore throat connectivity is poor． The delta front sedimentation controls the rock composition，particle structure，argillaceous matrix，carbonate source and content of the reservoir． Carbonate and argillaceous cementation are the key factors leading to low permeability of the reservoirs． Low permeability argillaceous sandstone is vertically distributed among the thick mudstones of the prodelta facies． Low permeability calcareous sandstone is mainly distributed at the junction of large mudstone and sandstone． Underwater interdistributary bay mudstone provides carbonate material source for the delta front sedimentary sandstone．

Rational development and utilization of cultivated land reserve resources are essential for ensuring China’s food security, while suitability evaluation is the prerequisite and foundation.By scientifically assessing the development suitability of these resources, it provides a scientific basis for rational allocation and sustainable utilization of regional land resources.The authors take Da’an City of Jilin Province as the study area and develop a comprehensive suitability evaluation system from natural, social, and ecological perspectives.Using methods such as AHP (analytic hierarchy process), landscape pattern indices, and composite indices, the authors conduct a systematic analysis to reveal quantity, quality, and spatial distribution characteristics of development suitability levels of cultivated land reserve resources in Da’an, and propose corresponding development and utilization strategies.The research results indicate that: the development suitability of cultivated land reserve resources in Da’an City can be categorized into four levels: highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and unsuitable, accounting for 26.64%, 38.83%, 25.08%, and 9.44% of total area of cultivated land reserve resources, respectively.Development suitability levels gradually decrease from central part of Da’an City toward northeast and southwest.Highly suitable and moderately suitable development areas are mainly concentrated in Xinping’an Town and Haituo Township, while unsuitable development areas are mainly concentrated in Longzhao Town in southwestern part of the city.Land use types are primarily saline-alkali land and other grasslands, accounting for 99.67% of total area of cultivated land reserve resources in city.The highly suitable development areas for saline-alkali land are distributed in northwest and southeast, while the highly suitable development areas for other grasslands are concentrated in the central and western parts.Spatial distribution of development suitability levels for cultivated land reserve resources in Da’an City shows significant variation, with moderately suitable development areas being the most prevalent.Development and utilization strategies for cultivated land reserve resources should be tailored to local conditions.Saline-alkali land development should focus on water resource management and soil salinization amelioration measures, while development of other grasslands should carefully control development intensity to maintain regional ecological balance.