Massive ores are principal economic ore type in super-large Ni--Cu sulfide deposits. Large-scale massive ores are widely developed in comparable deposits worldwide. However, only limited volumes of massive ores have been identified in the Jinchuan super-large Ni--Cu sulfide deposit, raising the question of whether substantial massive ores exist at depth. Orebody No. 1 in the Jinchuan mining district Ⅱ has the largest reserves and is dominated by net-textured ore. In recent years, massive ores of appreciable size have been exposed during deep mining, but their formation mechanism remains unclear. This study investigates newly discovered massive ores from Orebody Ⅱ--1 using the TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA), the magnetic colloid method, and scanning electron microscopy. In situ sulfur isotope and whole-rock platinum-group element ( PGE) geochemical analyses were conducted to characterize the mineral assemblages and modes of occurrence of PGMs, and to investigate the formation mechanism of the massive ores. The results show that pentlandite exhibits a preferentially oriented flow structure within the pyrrhotite matrix, whereas minor monoclinic pyrrhotite occurs mainly along fractures and grain margins of hexagonal pyrrhotite. Platinum-group minerals are dominated by irarsite and merenskyite. Primitive mantle-normalized PGE patterns are broadly similar to those of net-textured ore, and Pt depletion may be related to remobilization by post-magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Massive ores yield δ 34 S values of - 3. 74‰ to - 2. 14‰ and Δ 33 S values of - 5. 63‰ to - 2. 33‰, both of which are lower than the corresponding values of disseminated and net-textured ores in the mining district. The anomalous Δ 33 S values record a sulfur isotope signature inherited from Archean crustal material. The integrated results suggest that the massive ores in Orebody Ⅱ--1 were probably not produced by a single injection of independent, deep-seated sulfide melts. Instead, sulfide melts within an early, partially crystallized magmatic system may have undergone filter pressing driven by regional tectonic compression, migrated along structural weaknesses, filled available fractures, and subsequently cooled and crystallized. This tectonic filter-pressing metallogenic model helps explain the genetic differences among massive ores in different Jinchuan mining districts and provides a reference for deep exploration of massive ores in the mining district.

The Yanweishan Cu--Ag deposit is a typical medium-sized hydrothermal deposit located within the Huzhong--Tayuan metallogenic belt, northeastern Great Xing'an Range. Previous geological surveys and studies have mainly focused on the major ore-forming elements Cu and Ag, whereas the mineral assemblages, occurrence textures and chemical compositions of tellurides remain poorly constrained. This situation restricts insights into regional Te-enrichment mechanisms and the prospecting potential of deep polymetallic deposits. To clarify mineralogical characteristics of tellurides, reveal their precipitation conditions, constrain ore-forming material sources, and improve the metallogenic theory of Te enrichment in the hydrothermal deposits of the northern Great Xing􀆳an Range, this study investigates primary sulfide ores from the Yanweishan Cu--Ag deposit. Optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis were used to observe and test tellurides systematically, so as to define telluride species, occurrence features and element composition patterns. The results show that the dominant tellurides include altaite, hessite, petzite and matildite. These minerals are mostly hosted in chalcopyrite, or occur as intergrowths and replacement assemblages with chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite, with grain sizes ranging from 5 μm to 110 μm. Altaite features the widest distribution and largest grain size among all tellurides. EPMA data reveal remarkable differences in major element (Te, Ag, Pb, Bi) contents among various tellurides, each of which shows a characteristic compositional range. Trace elements of Sb, Se, Cu, Fe, Ni and S are commonly detected. Mineral chemical characteristics suggest tellurides mainly precipitated in a near-equilibrium hydrothermal system, overprinted by transient local fluctuations of physicochemical conditions in the late stage. An integrated analysis combining sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry indicates that ore-forming materials were mainly sourced from the deep crust or upper mantle. This study supplements and improves the fundamental geological data of tellurides from hydrothermal Cu--Ag deposits in the northeastern Great Xing􀆳an Range. It clarifies the metallogenic significance of Te enrichment along the regional tectono-magmatic belt, and indicates considerable exploration potential for paragenetic Te--Cu--Ag polymetallic deposits in the deep parts of the Yanweishan Cu--Ag deposit and adjacent tectono-magmatic belts. This work provides mineralogical evidence for research and prospecting of critical Te resources in Northeast China. 

The Lidongkeng tungsten-molybdenum deposit is located in southern Anhui Province, on the eastern segment of the Jiangnan tungsten belt. Systematic sorting, analysis and comprehensive interpretation of geological data from this mining area can provide support for the evaluation of ore-prospecting potential and the determination of prospecting targets. Meanwhile, it is of important theoretical and practical significance to summarize the regional metallogenic geological conditions, metallogenic mechanisms and regularities of W-- Mo deposits, and to perfect the regional metallogenic theoretical system. Based on an analysis of the regional metallogenic geological background, combined with field geological surveys and mineral exploration, this study systematically investigated the geological, geophysical and geochemical characteristics of the Lidongkeng mining area, clarified the occurrence features and spatial distribution regularities of ore bodies, evaluated the deep ore-prospecting potential, and pointed out the orientions for further exploration. The results show that the known W--Mo ore bodies in the Lidongkeng mining area occur as layered, vein-like and lenticular bodies with parallel distribution, located in the internal and external contact zones of the Lidongkeng intrusion. The ore bodies are hosted in wall rocks including monzogranite porphyry, spotted hornfels, chloritized hornfels and quartz stockworks, and are jointly controlled by regional faults, intrusion attitudes, joint structures and alteration zones. The deposit belongs to a medium-high temperature magmatic hydrothermal filling-type deposit. The Late Jurassic Lidongkeng biotite monzogranite porphyry is a S-type granite with a certain degree of crystal fractionation, and acts as the ore-forming geological body for W-- Mo mineralization. Syngenetic joints formed by cooling and contraction of the intrusion serve as the major ore-controlling structural planes. Mineralization alterations closely associated with mineralization mainly include silicification, sericitization, chloritization, greisenization and potassic alteration. Geochemical characteristics of the mining area indicate that W, Mo and Bi are the dominant ore-forming elements, and their anomalies exhibit a certain zoning regularities. Mo, Bi and Cu geochemical anomalies coincide with the intrusion and hornfels areas, whereas W, Ag and Au anomalies are closely related to fault structural zones. Geophysical features show that the Lidongkeng intrusion and its surrounding hornfels areas are characterized by low magnetic susceptibility and moderatelow polarizability, suggesting that the uplift and denudation degree of the intrusion is relatively weak. Propylitic alteration predominates on the surface, whereas sericite-quartz and potassic alteration zones closely related to mineralization are remain buried at depth. Combined with the regional prospecting prediction model, it is concluded that favorable prospecting potential exists in the deep part of the mining area. The western and southwestern deep parts, along the lateral plunge of the Lidongkeng intrusion, are key targets for future geological exploration, with potential for the discovery of a large-scale porphyry-type W--Mo deposit.

To evaluate the hydrocarbon generation potential and exploration significance of the dark mudstones of the Jiufengshan Formation in Dayangshu Basin, core samples from the Jiufengshan Formation of Well X1 in the central part of the basin were selected for testing, including total organic carbon (TOC), rock pyrolysis, chloroform  bitumen “A”, soluble organic matter group components, vitrinite reflectance (Ro), and organic carbon isotopes. The results indicate that the organic matter abundance in the dark mudstones of the Jiufengshan Formation exhibits significant vertical heterogeneity. The organic matter abundance is relatively high in the Member 3 of Jiufengshan Formation which consists primarily of moderate-quality source rocks. The Member 1 of Jiufengshan Formation is predominantly composed of poor-quality source rocks, though some local sections meet the criteria for good-quality source rocks. The Member 5 of Jiufengshan Formation has low organic matter abundance, limited hydrocarbon generation potential, and is classified as a non-source rock. The organic matter type is predominantly Type Ⅲ overall, with local samples in the Member 3 of Jiufengshan Formation exhibiting Type Ⅱ2 --Ⅱ1 characteristics. Maturity shows a staged evolution with increasing burial depth: the Member 5 of Jiufengshan Formation is in the immature stage, the Member 3 of Jiufengshan Formation is in the low-maturity to early oil-generating stage, and the Member 1 of Jiufengshan Formation has entered the mature to high-maturity stage, with gas-generating potential in the deeper sections. Overall, the soluble organic matter in Jiufengshan Formation is dominated by saturated hydrocarbons, characterized by a relatively low asphaltene mass fraction and a high saturate / aromatic hydrocarbon ratio. Combined with carbon isotope characteristics, this findings indicate a reducing sedimentary water environment, with the source rock derived from a mixture of terrestrial higher plants and lower aquatic organisms. Comprehensive analysis suggests that the members 1 and 3 of Jiufengshan Formation locally possess favorable hydrocarbon-generating material foundations and thermal evolution conditions, making them promising hydrocarbon exploration units within the Jiufengshan Formation. 

Volcaniclastic reservoirs are widely developed in the Lower Cretaceous Huoshiling Formation in the Longfengshan area, Changling Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, and constitute an important target interval for reserve growth and production enhancement in deep volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs. To address the difficulties in identifying the emplacement environment and the unclear reservoir-forming mechanisms of these volcaniclastic rocks in a deeply buried and complex diagenetic setting, this study systematically investigated the identification markers and reservoir-forming mechanisms of subaqueously emplaced volcaniclastic rocks in the Huoshiling Formation, Longfengshan area, using core observation, cast thin section analysis, SEM -- EDS analysis, and porosity and permeability measurements. The results indicate that the studied rocks are assigned to the volcaniclastic apron subfacies within the explosive facies and are dominated lithologically by trachyandesitic and andesitic volcanic breccias and crystal-lithic tuffs. Macroscopically, their subaqueous emplacement environment is characterized by interbedded “sedimentary-volcanic-sedimentary” sequences and the mixing of exotic components such as semiconsolidated argillaceous sediments, carbonized plant debris. Microscopically, it is typified by products of magmawater interaction and subsequent diagenetic alteration, including plastic vitric clasts with quench rims, quench cracks in feldspar crystals, chlorite infilling, and albitization rims. The reservoir space is dominated by cavernous pores, sieve pores, and moldic pores formed by secondary dissolution, while primary microfractures play an important role in improving permeability. The average porosity of the rocks is 6. 88% , and the average permeability is 0. 936 × 10 - 3 μm 2 , indicating overall characteristics of medium-high porosity and low permeability reservoirs. Furthermore, a reservoir evolutionary model of “ early infilling for pore preservation and late dissolution for pore enhancement” was revealed for subaqueously emplaced volcaniclastic rocks. Specifically, during the early diagenetic stage, authigenic chlorite infilling and albitization rims partly resisted mechanical compaction during burial, thereby preserving the framework of primary intergranular pores. During the middle diagenetic stage, organic acid-rich fluids migrated along residual pores and primary microfractures, causing differential dissolution of unstable components such as early chlorite infillings, plagioclase, and intermediate lithic fragments. This facilitated the reopening of residual primary pores and the formation of secondary pores. These findings deepen the understanding of the reservoir-forming mechanisms for subaqueous volcaniclastic rocks in continental lacustrine basins and provide a theoretical basis for predicting deep high-quality reservoirs in the Longfengshan area. 

To clarify the vertical evolution of redox conditions during deposition of the Qingshankou Formation in the marginal shallow-lake area of the Songliao Basin, this study investigated the PM002 section in Binxian County on the eastern margin of the basin. A total of 286 samples from an approximately 45 m thick transitional interval between the upper part of Member 1 and the lower part of Member 2 of the Qingshankou Formation were subjected to 10 cm resolution lithological description, loss on ignition (LOI) analysis, and X-ray fluorsescence spectrometry (XRF) analysis of major and trace elements. Aluminum (Al) normalization, enrichment factor (EF) calculation, principal component analysis ( PCA), and constrained incremental sum of squares ( CONISS) clustering were integratively applied to identify redox environmental variations. The results show that the studied interval is dominated by fine-grained sediments, mainly including mudstone, bioclast-bearing mudstone, and silty mudstone, with locally intercalated calcareous and dolomitic thin beds and developed dolomitic nodules. Five fifth-order depositional cycles (SQ-5-1--SQ-5-5) characterized by “ rapid deepening followed by gradual shallowing” are recognized. The mean U/ Th ratio is 0. 16, the mean V/ Cr ratio is 0. 45, and the average mass fraction of Mo is 0. 58 μg / g. In the Mo-- U covariation diagram, all samples plot below the 0. 1 × SW (seawater) reference line, indicating that the studied interval was generally deposited under oxic to weakly oxic conditions and did not experience significant large-scale authigenic Mo enrichment. Based on Z-score standardized sensitive indicators, including LOI550, S / Al, Mn / Al, V/ Sc, and Fe / Mn, together with CONISS clustering, the section can be divided into six redox-evolution stages, namely Stages Ⅰ--Ⅵ, showing a non-steady-state transition pattern from relatively reducing, strongly oxic, weakly oxic, strongly oxic, weakly oxic to relatively reducing conditions. The fifth-order depositional cycles and CONISS stages do not correspond one-to-one, but instead display a cross-cutting coupling relationship, suggesting that redox variations were jointly controlled by depositional cyclicity, hydrodynamic disturbance, and local diagenetic processes. The maximum local sulfur mass fraction reaches 4. 24% , but it is clearly decoupled from Mo enrichment, indicating that sulfur enrichment mainly reflects short-term pore-water reduction or local sulfide fixation rather than a stable euxinic water column. Overall, the PM002 section records intermittent weak water column stratification and its episodic breakdown in a marginal shallow-lake setting, and the redox conditions are characterized by pronounced non-steady-state fluctuations.

Diabase has been increasingly cofirmed as an important reservoir in hydrocarbon exploration and development, however, its strong heterogeneity makes prediction of favorable reservoirs difficult. Current studies have not yet established a quantitative response relationship between crystallization degree and reservoir properties, and the lack of a unified classification evaluation standard severely restricts the fine-scale evaluation and exploration deployment of such reservoirs. This study investigates diabase with different crystallization degrees from the third member of Shahejie Formation in Linnan Subsag. A manually assisted crystal size distribution (CSD) method was used to quantify crystallization degree, and combined with the cooling and crystallization characteristics of shallow intrusive rocks, a three-tier classification scheme-fine-grained, medium-grained, and coarse-grained diabase was established for Linnan Subsag using crystal size thresholds of 200 μm and 400 μm for the first time. Porositypermeability measurements, cast thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and high-pressure mercury intrusion analyses were integrated to examine the relationship between crystallization degree and reservoir properties, revealing a positive correlation between them. Mechanistically, during magmatic cooling-crystallization processes, coarse-grained diabase experienced longer mineral crystal growth times and larger crystal sizes, leading to welldeveloped intergranular pores. Furthermore, the connected pores between feldspar crystals in the coarse-grained structure facilitate the influx of later diagenetic fluids and promote dissolution, resulting in the formation of dissolution pores. Consequently, coarse-grained diabase exhibits significantly superior pore structures and storage-permeability properties compared to medium- and fine-grained diabase, identifying it as the most promising lithology for diabase reservoirs.

The reservoirs of the Linhe Formation in the Linhua well area, Hetao Basin, exhibit strong heterogeneity, significant variations in petrophysical properties, and complex pore structures, which have restricted hydrocarbon exploration and development. Based on 12 sandstone samples collected from the study area, a comprehensive investigation was conducted by integrating multiple analytical approaches, including casting thin-section petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion capillary pressure (MICP), and waterflooding visualization experiments using real-sandstone micromodels. This study systematically characterized pore types, fractal characteristics, and waterflooding flow responses, clarified the relationships among fractal dimensions, reservoir properties, and flow response, revealed the controlling effects of fractal characteristics on waterflooding pathways and displacement patterns. The results show that, based on petrophysical properties and oil-test characteristics, the reservoirs in the study area can be classified into three types: TypeⅠ(high-quality reservoirs), TypeⅡ(moderatequality reservoirs), and Type Ⅲ (poor-quality reservoirs). TypeⅠreservoirs are dominated by primary intergranular pores, with locally developed enlarged dissolution pores and a certain proportion of micropores, forming a wellconnected effective pore network with distinct preferential flow channels. Type Ⅱ reservoirs are characterized by the co-development of intergranular pores and dissolution pores, with local coexistence of macropores and micropores. Type Ⅲ reservoirs are dominated by tiny intergranular pores and intercrystalline micropores, with small pore sizes, poor connectivity, and an overall compact structure. The average fractal dimensions of Type Ⅰ, Type Ⅱ, and Type Ⅲ reservoirs are approximately 2. 88, 2. 81, and 2. 75, respectively, corresponding to complex, moderately complex, relatively simple and compact pore systems. The visualized waterflooding experiments indicate that the three reservoir types exhibit “finger-like to network-like,” “finger-like to uniform,” and “network-like to uniform” displacement patterns, respectively. Overall, fractal dimensions shows a good correspondence with waterflooding flow response: higher fractal dimensions are generally associated with complex pore structures, well-developed preferential flow channels, and stronger heterogeneous flow, whereas lower fractal dimensions commonly correspond to slow and relatively uniform flow under compact pore-structure conditions. The integrated application of multiscale pore-structure characterization, mercury-intrusion-based fractal analysis, and waterflooding visualization experiments using real-sandstone micromodels establishes the relationship between reservoir fractal characteristics and displacement patterns, reveals the controlling effect of static pore structure on dynamic flow response, and provides a basis for fine reservoir evaluation, differentiated development, and well placement in the study area.

Accurate detection of fire zones is an important prerequisite for effective coal mine remediation. Coalfield fire zones occur in steep terrain and are accompanied by severe surface smoke cover, which restricts ground geophysical surveys and compromise detection accuracy. Based on the characteristics of high magnetic susceptibility and low resistivity of fire zones, the synergistic detection technique combining semi-airborne electromagnetic and airborne magnetic methods is suitable for complex terrain conditions, compensates for the limitations of individual methods, and enhances the resolution of the spatial distribution of fire zones. However, the existing 3D electromagnetic and magnetic inversion methods cannot effectively address remanent magnetization from combustion and complex terrain, which results in poor delineation of subsurface fire zone distributions. This study developed 3D magnetization intensity vector and resistivity inversion technique for complex terrain, which effectively obtained the subsurface 3D resistivity and magnetization intensity distributions, and provided a precise and efficient technical means for fire zone remediation. The Haizhou open-pit coal mine, once the largest open-pit mine in Asia, has undergone severe ground landslides, subsidence, and fissuring after closure due to subsurface fire zones formed by spontaneous combustion of autochthonous residual coal and historical mining activities. The terrain is complex, and conventional 3D electromagnetic and magnetic inversion methods do not meet detection requirements. Therefore, the synergistic detection technique combining semi-airborne electromagnetic and airborne magnetic methods was applied in the Haizhou open-pit coal mine area. After systematic data processing, the developed complex terrain inversion technique was used to perform 3D magnetization intensity vector and resistivity inversion. Based on the distribution patterns of high magnetization intensity and low resistivity, a comprehensive interpretation identified 17 fire zones. Field investigations validated the accuracy of the inferred results, and the identified fire zones were classified into 3 types: type Ⅰ corresponding to subsurface spontaneous combustion of residual coal (4 sites), type Ⅱ corresponding to shallow coal gangue combustion or accumulation (12 sites), and type Ⅲ corresponding to suspected fire zones (1 site). 

Vehicle-borne ground penetrating radar system can efficiently detect road cavities and play an important role in urban road safety management. The stability of GNSS/ IMU integrated positioning for the vehicle-borne ground penetrating radar system is significantly degraded in urban canyons due to a decline in GNSS positioning  accuracy. The robustness of GNSS / IMU integrated navigation can be improved by a robust filter based on the normalized innovation squared. However, notable differences arise in outlier suppression and utilization of informative measurements, owing to the distinct attenuation characteristics and truncation mechanisms of different robust kernel functions. To investigate the suitability and robustness differences of various kernel functions in complex observation environments, the GNSS / IMU integrated navigation performance of four robust kernel functions, namely Cauchy, Student-t, Tukey, and Huber, was compared within the error-state Kalman filter (ESKF) framework using measured data collected on the urban expressway in Changchun. The results indicate that the Cauchy and Student-t kernel functions achieve superior robustness performance through their heavy-tailed distributions with asymptotic attenuation characteristics, with the latter being slightly more robust than the former. Compared with the conventional ESKF, the position RMSE, velocity RMSE, and the 95th percentile of position error (P95) are reduced by 11. 1% and 12. 1% , 3. 0% and 4. 9% , and 22. 3% and 21. 0% for the Cauchy and Student-t kernels, respectively. The Huber kernel function exhibits relatively weak robustness due to its linear attenuation and lack of truncation. Compared with the conventional ESKF, the reductions are limited to 4. 5%, 0. 6%, and 15. 3% in position RMSE, velocity RMSE, and P95, respectively. The Tukey kernel function exhibits the lowest robustness among the four candidates, as its strong truncation results in insufficient utilization of informative measurements and severe accuracy degradation. This study can provide a reference for the optimization of robust kernel functions and the design of filtering algorithms for GNSS / IMU integrated navigation of vehicle-borne ground penetrating radar system in complex urban environments.

Long-term overexploitation of groundwater has induced significant land subsidence in Taobei District, Baicheng City, Jilin Province. To investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of land subsidence and its association mechanisms with groundwater activities, Sentinel--1 images acquired from 2018 to 2021 were used to develop a SBAS--InSAR baseline optimization method constrained by dynamic normalized difference vegetation index (INDV) thresholds to retrieve the spatiotemporal distribution of land subsidence. The GeoDetector method was employed to quantitatively analyze the spatial response relationships between land subsidence and nine environmental factors, while multivariate singular spectrum analysis (M--SSA) is applied to decompose the time series of land subsidence and groundwater levels and to analyze their coupling relationships. The results indicate that the INDV -constrained baseline optimization effectively improves interferometric pair quality, increasing the proportion of valid interferograms by approximately 17. 3% and significantly reducing the root mean square error. The study area is dominated by slight subsidence, with an average deformation rate of - 1. 93 mm/ a, mainly ranging from - 15 to 10 mm/ a, and subsidence is concentrated in agricultural irrigation areas. The interaction between two factors significantly enhances explanatory capability, among which the interaction between distance to water bodies and soil sand volume fraction is the most significant (q = 0. 091), indicating that hydrological conditions and soil properties jointly control the spatial pattern of subsidence. Time series decomposition shows that seasonal fluctuations are the dominant driving factor of both land subsidence and groundwater variations, and their seasonal components are highly correlated. Groundwater level changes exhibit an approximately 133 d lag in driving surface deformation, reflecting the delayed response of pore water pressure adjustment in aquifers and soil consolidation compression. Overall, groundwater overexploitation caused by agricultural irrigation is the primary driving mechanism of land subsidence in Taobei District. 

Downhole heaters are critical equipment for the in-situ conversion of oil shale, and their heat transfer  performance directly influences heating efficiency and energy consumption. Based on conventional heat exchangers design, this study proposes a downhole convective shell-and-tube electric heater that accommodates wellbore diameter constraints for oil shale in-situ conversion through dimensional optimization. A helical baffle design is introduced to enhance the shell-and-tube heat exchange structure. On this basis, two types of heater prototypes with different structures have been developed respectively. To analyze the heat transfer performance and irreversible losses of the downhole heating system for oil shale in-situ conversion, a high-temperature and high-pressure experimental platform was established. Experimental investigations were conducted on both shell-and-tube and helical structures under various heating powers and air volumetric flow rates, focusing on key heat injection parameters. The performance of the two configurations in terms of heat exchange and energy utilization was analyzed by comparing parameters such as wall temperature, heat transfer coefficient, thermal efficiency, comprehensive performance index, dimensionless entropy generation, and thermal resistance. The results demonstrate that, compared with the shell-and-tube structure, the helical structure effectively reduces the peak wall temperature of the electric heating rods. Within the tested power and flow rate ranges, the heat transfer coefficient increases by 51. 4% to 66. 5% , and thermal efficiency improves by 2. 7% to 3. 7% . Regarding the comprehensive performance indicator K / Δp 1 / 3 , the helical structure showes an increase of 17. 1% to 37. 5% over the shell-and-tube structure, indicating superior synergistic performance between heat transfer and flow resistance. Furthermore, it exhibits lower irreversible losses in terms of entropy generation and thermal resistance, demonstrating a clear advantage in enhancing energy utilization.

Faults, joints, and other discontinuities in the surrounding rock of underground water-sealed caverns directly affect water-sealing performance, rock mass stability, and construction safety. Traditional manual geological  sketching, suffers from limited survey coverage, low efficiency, high subjectivity and insufficient digital utilization. To address these limitations, this study proposes an automatic interpretation method for extracting structural information from surrounding rock in underground water-sealed caverns, and establishes a technical workflow covering point cloud preprocessing, discontinuity identification, parameter interpretation and result presentation. Voxel-based resampling and statistical outlier filtering are used to preprocess 3D laser scanning point clouds. Principal component analysis ( PCA), density peaks clustering algorithm ( DPCA), improved K-means clustering, hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (HDBSCAN), and random sample consensus (RANSAC) are integrated to identify dominant discontinuity orientations, perform cluster segmentation, and fit discontinuties. The orientation, trace length, spacing and rock quality designation (RQD) are automatically extracted based on spatial geometry, orientation concepts and 3D parameter interpretation method, while coordinate transformation and projection conversion are used to generate two-dimensional geological sketches. The method was applied to seven cavern sections of an underground water-sealed cavern project in Yunnan Province. The results show that the proposed method can reliably identify multiple sets of rock mass discontinuities, and that the spatial distribution characteristics of the main discontinuities are in good agreement with manual survey results. RANSAC-based fitting yields superior orientation interpretation compared to using complete point clouds directly, the interpreted spacing effectively reflects the spacing range obtained from manual investigation. The average relative deviation of the calculated RQD is 3. 41% , and the automatically generated two-dimensional geological sketches clearly represent the spatial distribution of discontinuities. This study provides fundamental rock mass structure data, mapping products, and technical support for rapid geological logging, dynamic geological analysis, and support design optimization during construction.