Through the methods of polarizing microscope and cathodoluminescence, the diagenesis of Late Carboniferous phylloid algal reefs in southern Guizhou is studied, which indicates diagenesis are mainly of bio-binding and baffling actions, micritization, cementation, compaction-pressure solution, fracture, recrystallization and dissolution in type. Based on thin section analysis and cathodoluminescence, the diagenesis can be subdivided into four stages, including quasi-contemporaneous diagenesis phases, early diagenesis phase, burial diagenesis phase and epigenetic diagenesis phases. Diagenetic and cathodoluminescent characteristics show that the reefs have gone through marine, meteoric freshwater and buried diagenetic environment.

On the basis of the comprehensive research of data and field work，the authors summarized the main gold types and geological characteristics in Democratic Ｒepublic of Congo． The results demonstrated that the gold deposits in DＲC can be classified as two types: ① placer gold，including alluvial and eluvial types，mainly distributed in the river and valley of Oriental，Maniema，North Kivu，and South Kivu provinces of DＲC． The ore- bearing layers located from ground surface to underground 2 m． ② greenstone belt gold deposit，broadly distributed in the centre of Central Africa gold zone，and extend to Central Africa Ｒepublic in NW trend and to Tanzania in SE trend． This type gold deposit is usually in large scale，and concomitanted with niobium and tantalum，and most of the orebodies located in the contact area of greenstone and Archean granites with sub- vertical shape． Fluids of ore- forming were mainly H 2 O- NaCl fluids rich in CO 2 ，which demonstrated that the fluid immiscibility was closely asso- ciated with mineralization，similar with other famous greenstone belt gold deposits in the world．

Laterite nickel ore is produced by basic and ultrabasic rocks after weathering- leaching- deposition and enrichment in tropical and subtropical areas with high temperatures and rainy weather throughout the year． Bas- ic and ultrabasic rocks are considered to be mineraliing mother rocks for rocks of this type． Therefore，looking for basic and ultrabasic rocks is the primary task to explore for laterite nickel ore in the past time． A new type of later- ite nickel ore was discovered recently in Kolaka County of Sulawesi province，Indonesia． The ore- forming mother rocks are not basic or ultrabasic rocks，but a set of conglomerates consisting of dominated ultrabasic gravel． Gravel lateritic nickel deposit was named to distinguish from traditional laterite nickel ore resulted from basic and ultrabasic rocks after weathering and leaching． The structure of the deposit can be divided，in descending order，into humus layer，laterite layer，strongly weathered conglomerate layer，semi- weathered conglomerates，and conglomerates． The nickel ore body is mainly distributed in the semi- weathered conglomerate layer． It is preliminarily considered that the ore deposit was made from conglomerate after weathering- hydrolysis- leaching- sedimentary and enrichment．

Samples of Yaojia Formation of southeastern uplift area in Songlioa Basin were systematically ana- lyzed by the authors，and the geochemical data indicate that fine grained detrital rocks in this area mostly contain stable components． The PAAS- standardized distribution curves of trace elements and ＲEEs suggest that the material sources of Yaojia Formation in the studied area mainly came from one type of provenance． The CIA and the Th/U ratio suggest that provenances had underwent moderate weathering processes． The slight changes of Th/Sc and Zr/ Sc ratios illustrate that there were no second transportation of mudstones and geochemical features were mainly con- trolled by source rocks． On the basis of discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting of the source rocks and previous research material of former studies，the authors conclude that the provenance of the Yaojia Formation in the studied area was mainly Hercynian and Yanshannian granites，which also involves some Yanshannian intermediate- acid ex- trusive rocks． Source rocks were formed in the continental margin orogenic belt and belonged to continental island arc volcanic series． Comprehensive analysis on ratios of Sr/Cu， Ni/Co， V/Cr and U/Th shows the arid climate and shallow water with oxygen enrichment of Yaojia Formation deposition，which results in the red color．

Western Henan located between the northern Qinling orogenic belt and the southern North China platform，is one of the important molybdenum polymetallic and precious metal metallogenic belts in China. The previous work suggested that molybdenum deposits in the area are occurred in three stages，including 233 ～ 221 Ma， 148 ～ 138 Ma and 131 ～ 112 Ma. The authors summarized the types of molybdenum deposits and their tectonic setting， types and age of magmatic rocks，and age of molybdenum deposits，and considered that the molybdenum deposits in the first stage occurred in continental extensional setting，and their formation possibly associated with its contemporary alkaline rocks. The metallogenic materials are likely originated from Dongpo Formation in Qinling orogenic belt based on the isotopes of Pb，Sr and Nd. The metallogenic elements are relatively simple，characterized by Pb or Au. The second staged deposits are possibly formed in the process of crust thickening，the remelting type and calc-alkaline rocks type I and the associated mainly with Fe and W. The third staged deposits formed in crustthinning setting，and the formation associated with potassium，high potassium or alkaline granitic rocks related to the lithosphere delamination and the upwelling of asthenosphere in eastern China. Metallogenic element is locally enriched W.

The apatite fission track test of six core samples collected from uplift zone and steep slope zone of the northern Liaodong Uplift is performed． The characteristics of fission track and two typical samples' thermal his- torical simulation under the constraint conditions indicate that the northern Liaodong Uplift has two uplifting stages including the end of Kongdian stage (50 Ma ± ) and the end of Dongying stage (24 Ma ± ) in the Cenozoic． The comparison about the sedimentary structures and the main faults controlling the evolution of sags between the eastern and the western depressions reveals that the developmental mechanism of a series of NE trending uplifts in Liaodong Bay Depression is tremendously similar for each other． Combined with the regional tectonic background of the Bohai Bay Basin，the formation of the Liaodong Uplifts in Liaodong Bay Depression can be considered as a tectonic re- sponse at the end of Kongdian stage in the form of tilted fault blocks with the property of detachment in Liaodong Bay because of the extensional regime caused by the Paleogene geo- thermal activity in mantle． And the second up- lifting of the Liaodong Uplift is actually triggered by regional tectonic uplifting movement of the Bohai Bay Basin at the end of the Dongying stage．

Geothermochronology based on mineral closure temperatures and geochronological methods such as U-Pb, Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, Lu-Hf, Re-Os, ⁴⁰Ar /³⁹ Ar, FT, (U-Th) /He, TIMS U-series, cosmogenetic nuclide ( including ¹⁴C, etc. ) and ³H /³He for young groundwater dating is reviewed in this paper. The developmental trend of international geochronology in recent one hundred years and Chinese geochronology from 1980 s is discussed through the statistics of geochronological documents. According to analyzing the data on usage of geochrono- logical methods, the U-Pb, ⁴⁰Ar /³⁹Ar and ¹⁴C methods are widdy used and reliable geochronometers in recent years. The low temperature thermochronology method which applied in mountain exhumation and geomorphic formation and the dating of young geological body such as ground waterwill be the important developmental trend of geochronology.

The yield curves and yield stress of Tresca，Mises，Double shear and Mohr-Coulomb yield criterions were discussed and compared to find the differences among them． The relation among Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and the others were discussed，and comfirmed the safety of Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion in geo-technical engineering and the relationships between fracture plane location and slip curves when the rock and soil fractured． The different yield criterions were analyzed and compared taking Yabiluo hydropower station geo-stresses for example， and demonstrated the safety of Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and the difference between failure surface and slip curves．

We introduce the classical radiative transfer theory-PROSPECT and reviewed the PLATE model whose theory PROSPECT is based on． The transfer equation for the leaf reflectance and transmittance will be further discussed in its basic form for a plane-parallel，homogeneous plate with three optical parameters，absorption coefficient ( k) ，refraction coefficient ( n) and leaf structure ( N) ． The Stokes system is introduced，which is commonly used in radiative transfer equations． A solution for the leaf reflectance and transmittance is derived seriously by complex vector． Under limited conditons，the result from accurate modeling of the optical effect of leaf shows that the PROSPECT becomes popular radiative transter tool due to its physical model agreement with leaf structure．

Combining with the new data obtained from the fossils for recent years，the author summarizes the distribution and composition of the Jehol Biota from western Liaoning，makes clear on the evolutionary sequences of the biota in several main basins，and analyzes the evolution and geological background of the fossils vertebrates in several main basins in this region． From the vertebrate evolution，the author has recognized the radiation，convergence and complex evolution in type． During the Yixian Formation stage，the specific formation events were in existence due to the geographic isolation，and at the Jiufotang Formation stage，the radiation of the pterosaurs and birds is possibly related to the ecological isolation，which was mainly due to the differentiation in feeding． The evolution of the Jehol Biota is probably as a results of a cooperative action including indigenous species outer immigrating， the alien species' invasion，the extinction of some species after geographic isolation，and some population in radiation，and complex evolution，which were all co-evolved in a similar geological background． The volcanic rocks of the uppermost Yixian Formation were passing the stratigraphic boundary with entering the beginning of the Jiufotang Formation stage．

Here we report on a new basal ornithuromorph bird，Juehuaornis zhangi gen． et sp． nov． ，based on a nearly complete and articulated subadult skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Lingyuan of western Liaoning，China． It displays ornithomorph synapomorphies，such as a synsacrum composed of 12 sacral vertebrae，a short pygostyle，long and curved scapula，U － shaped furcula without a hypocleidum，coracoid with a developed procoracoid process and a concaved lateral margin，a keel extended along the full length of sternum，ma- jor and minor metacarpals fused proximally and distally，and proximal phalanx of digit II expanded caudally． The new specimen is distinguishable from other known ornithuromorphs by some unique features including a long rostrum for approximately 70% the total length of the skull，cranial end of upper jaw hooked，and cranial end of lower jaw straight． The new specimen provides new important morphological information regarding Ornithomorpha，and it re- presents a new ecotype of this group．

Under the control of northeast-east stress field, the earthquakes in Northeast China have their special characteristics. The statistical results of earthquake space distribution and depth indicate that the earthquakes are mainly controlled by the lithospheric fault ( Kaiyuan-Chifeng fault) in Northeast China with great differences between the north and the south. The earthquakes occurred in the north are less than in the south, divided by the boundry of 44°N, and the earthquakes mainly concentrated in 4～6 km and 8～12 km in depth in the north, and in 8～12 km and 28～30 km in the south. The analysis of earthquake depth indicates that there have probably low thermal areas beneath Kaiyuan-Chifeng fault, Tanlu fault and Daxinganling fault, which provide the conditions for earthquakes getting ready in deep part. The analysis of Vp and Vs sectional data of earthquake distribution suggests that the earthquakes are often centralized in the intersectant zones of faults with velocity change zone and faultswith faults.

In order to study the metallogenic characteristics and the distribution rule of deposit in Katanga of Congo (DＲC)，the authors analyzed the characteristics of remote sensing images by means of ETM + data as the main information source，and interpreted strata，rock mass and structures in this area． Five tectonic image units were divided，including the Sandoa- Kaniama stable area in the west，image unit of NE tectonic zone in the middle， Pweto - - Kalemie image unit in the northeast，image units of Lufilian foreland in the southeast and Lufilian arcuate tectonic belt in the south． Through analyzing and summaring main structural types，metallogenic characteristics， ore-controlling factors and regional stress state in each image unit，the regional tectonic framework in Katanga Prov- ince was recognized． The major faults which control rocks and ores were distinguished，and mineralization geolog- ical background in the studied area was basically identified． On this basis，combining with relevant data of geology and mineral resources，the authors delimitated 7 target areas of mineral exploration，including Mokambo Cu ore predicting area，Mumena Pb- - Zn ore predicting area，Kansuki Cu- - Co ore predicting area，Mudinga Cu- - Ag ore pre- dicting area，Kavabala and Kungui Cu ore predicting areas．

A new species of the Confuciusornis is described based on a specimen discovered from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Toudaoyingzi of Jianchang，Liaoning Province，China. Although it is preserved with no forelimb and thoracic girdle，the new species can be distinguished from other known Confuciusornithid in many features，such as small sized，squamosal similar triangular，quadrate crassitude，anterior upper edge of dentary convex，tarsometatarsus fused proximally，metatarsals V not present，pygostyle wide and thick，etc. This discovery is the first time for Jianchang to find the taxa of Confuciusornis，and is significant for showing the diversity of Confuciusornithiformes.

Combining basin margin outcrops with basement drilling and geophysical data，a comprehensive study is conducted on the basement characteristics of basement in Yinggehai Basin for pre- Cenozoic． Based on the sequence stratigraphic data of 18 outcrop sections，density data of 166 rock samples，and 2 800 sets of magnetic susceptibility data collected from the Song Da zone at the northwestern margin of the basin，a density- magnetic sus- ceptibility crossplot is constructed． These data additionally provide geological constraints for the interpretations of the seismic profiles and geophysical anomalies within the basin． A basement geologic map is subsequently drafted with a combination of marine and terrestrial perspectives． The pre- Cenozoic basement is composed of Presinian， Cambrian- lower Upper Triassic， and upper Upper Triassic- Cretaceous． Spatially， they distribute along the Ｒed Ｒiv- er fault zone in a NW orientation． Chronostratigraphically and lithologically，they are characterized by a gradual ag- ing trend from the middle to the two sides， and by a lithologic pattern of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks at west and Pa- leozoic epi- metamorphic rocks at east．

LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical data of the volcanic rocks from Mesozoic Maoershan Formation in Zhangguangcai Range were obtained for to constraining their formation time and the regional tectonic background． Zircons from two representative volcanic rocks are euhedral-subhedral in shape and display striped absorption or oscillatory zoning in CL images with high Th /U ratios ( 0. 40 ～2. 08) ，implying their magmatic origin． The dating results indicate that the volcanic rocks from Maoershan Formation were formed in the Early Jurassic ( 179 ～184 Ma) which is older than the previously believed Late Jurassic． The volcanic rocks from the Maoershan Formation display a bimodal volcanic rock association based on their petrographic and geochemical data． The trachyte and trachyandesite are characterized by high alkali ( especially K₂O) ，enrichment in large ion lithophile elements ( LILE) and light rare earth elements ( LREE) in contents，whereas the rhyolites are chemically similar to the A-type rhyolite． The bimodal volcanic rock association in Lesser Xing'an Range and Zhangguangcai Range in the studied areas implies an intense extensional environment． Combined with the spacial compositional variation ofthe Early Jurassic igneous rocks，it is suggested that the volcanic rocks from Maoershan Formation were formed under an extensional environment similar to back-arc basin which could be related to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate ( Izanagi) beneath the Eurasian continent．

A new prosauropod dinosaur Xixiposaurus suni gen. et sp. nov. from the lower Lufeng Formation of lower Jurassic in Lufeng of Yunnan, China is reported. The diagnostic characters are as follows: steep slant of the skull roof in lateral view; the maximum height of the mandible larger than twice of minimum height of the dentary; the 4th cervical centrum being longest in cervicals; minimum width of the pubic apron wider than width of the pubic peduncle; the fourth trochanter having a V-shape notch in lateral view. The phylogenetic analysis shows that it is one of the most derived forms among Chinese prosauropods.

On the basis of systematical studies of Laozuoshan gold deposit，the geochemical analyses (inclu- ding major and trace elements) were further undertaken for the ore-related rocks． The results show that the ore- related granites are low Ti and high Sr in content，belonging to High-K calcalkaline volcanic arc granites，while the diorite porphyrite appears the feature of metaluminous calc- alkaline rock series． All the rock samples are character- ized by enrichment in light rare earth elements (LＲEEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs)，and relative depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HＲEEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs)，such as Nb，Ta and Ti，with affinities to the igneous rocks formed in island arc or active continental margin settings． The features of fluid inclusions indicate that the ore- forming fluid mainly came from magmatic water，and the deposit was characterized by formation in the low- medium depth (1.0－7.1 km) under low-medium temperature (125. 6℃－324. 5℃)． Notably，the ore- related magmatic rocks show the characteristics of mantle- derived magma，suggesting that they were likely produced by partial melting of mantle experienced in metasomatism． According to the distribution of the coeval igneous rocks in the area，it is proposed that the formation of Laozuoshan gold deposit may be closely related to the Late Paleozoic northward subduction of the Paleo- Asian oceanic plate and the Mesozoic westward subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate，respectively．

The Songliao Basin locates the north of North China Plate， and the east of Xing'an block． It is con- sidered as a NE- trending fault broad rift basin． The authors synthesize the latest regional geological data，drilling data，and gravity and magnetism data to analyze the Upper Paleozoic distribution characteristics of the Songliao Ba- sin． Based on the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data and seismic- geology section，the authors determine the location and active stages of the 12 skeletal faults，and suggest that the Upper Paleozoic basin is characterized in one uplift sided by two depressions． Combined with the tectonic revolutionary regulation of Northeast China，the tectonic evolution of Songliao Basin can be divided into four stages as follows． The first stage demonstrates that， Songnen block and Xing'an block collided roughly along the Heihe- -Neijiang- -Zhalantun suture at the end of Early Carboniferous，resulting in NWW- -SEE- trending compressional deformation，forming the“one uplift sided by two depressions”tectonic framework． The second stage shows that Jiamusi- - Mongolia block and North China plate colli- ded along the Xar Moron suture zone in Late Permian，causing formation of the NS- trending extrusion generated WE-trending relief fold． The third stage represents that the subduction of west Pacific plate beneath the Asian conti- nent in Jurassic，forming the NE- - NEE- trending strick- slip faults． The fourth stage is the period that the Mesozoic NW- trending brittle fracture deformed at the time around 110 Ma．

A set of sediments yielding abundant fossils, sandwiched in volcanic rocks, outcrop in the Linglongta area of  Jianchang County in western Liaoning Province. The fossils consist of conchostracans, ostracods, bi- valves, fish, insects, plants, vertebrates, etc. Based on the regional stratigraphic investigation, measuring geological section and synthetic study of the fossils newly collected in the Daxishan site, the authors have assured the sed- iments belonging to the Tiaojishan Formation aged in Middle Jurassic, and the formation is underlying the Yixian Formation stratigraphically. The fossil assemblage of the Tiaojishan Formation indicates the characters of the Middle Jurassic Yanliao Biota.

Based on geological records from stratigraphic division and correlation，sedimentary and volcanic formation，magmatic activities，deformation and metamorphismthe，the author makes a new division on the tectonic units of Fujian region with the guidance of plate theory． It can be subdivided into three second-order tectonic units， five third-order tectonic units and eighteen fourth-order tectonic units． The second-order tectonic units include Cathaysia Massif ( V-3) ，magmatic arc of coastal Southeast ( V-4) and conjunctive zone of central Fujian ( V-7) ． The third-order tectonic units contain ancient arc-basin System of Wuyi ( Ⅴ-3-1) ，Nanping-Ninghua ( failed ) rift ( V-3-2) ，epicontinental sea basin of southwest Fujian ( V-3-3) ，magmatic arc of coastal eastern Fujian ( V-4-1) and Songxi-youxi ophiolite mélange ( V-7-1) ． The fourth-order tectonic units consist of the Jianning ancient back arc basin and other seventeen tectonic units．

Luanjiahe granite is the important rocks in Jiaodong goldfields region， composed mainly of medium- coarse grained biotite monzonitic granites． LA - -ICP - -MS zircon U - -Pb dating shows that the Luanjiahe granite formed in the Late Jurassic (aged in 149 ±2 Ma)． The SiO 2 content of Luanjiahe granite is higher as 64. 58% to 72. 05%，while A/CNK is 0. 98 to 1. 22． The granite is enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) Ｒb、 Ba、K， and strongly depleted in HFSE (Nb、Ta、Ti and P)． The ＲEE patterns demonstrate strong enrichment in LＲEE and depletion in HＲEE，and sightly positive anomaly in Eu． The ratio of the Nb/La and Nd/Th shows char- acteristics of the crust granites． The ratio of Ｒb/Sr shows possible mixture of part of the mantle source materials． Combined with the regional geological analysis，it is suggested that the subduction of the Pacific plate to Eurasian Land triggered massive mantle- derived magma under- plating since Jurassic，led to a partial melting of crust material and the Luanjiahe granite．

Based on the study of the detrital zircon U- - Pb isotopic dating of the sandstone from the type section of Amushan Formation in Bayan Obo area，Inner Mongolia，the zircons from the Lower Permian sandstone include of ages of 354 ～ 479 Ma (Paleozoic)，934 ～ 1 941 Ma (Proterozoic) and 2 330 ～ 2 668 Ma (Siderian- -Neo- archean)． Combined with the fusulinids of the type section， the authors conclude that the components of Proterozoic zircons (934 ～ 1 941 Ma) in the sandstone of the Amushan Formation should came from the Jiamusi - -Mongolia block，rather than from the North China Plate． The Amushan Formation bearing fusulinids of the Biozone of Spha- eroschwagerina might be deposited at the continental margins of the Jiamusi- - Mongolia block． The present research would be helpful for investigating the tectonic evolution of the Xar Moron Ｒiver Suture and the Paleo- - Asian Ocean， and gives great support to assign the Inner Mongolia Grassland - - Songhua Ｒiver Stratigraphic Ｒegion to the Jiamusi - - Mongolia Stratigraphic Superregion．

The authors compare the calculation processes of Stolt method and Gazdag phase-shift method in ω-k domain, partial fraction method in t-x domain and SSF and FFD methods in complex domain under uniform medium condition. The impulse response of post-stack time migration in the zero offset, impulse amplitude change, wavelet amplitude change of centre seismic trace data and spectral characteristics of impulse wave all express the wave field dynamics characteristics. The analysis reflects that the methods in ω-k domain under uniform medium condition have good results in impulse response, amplitude change and spectral characteristics, but the wavelet resolution isworse than other methods and can not applied in the media of lateral velocity variation, so that the method of FFD is better for complex geological problems. Meanwhile, the variation of wavelet amplitude and spectrum in offset process have been analyzed taking Stolt as an example.

Wanbaoyuan Mo deposit in Kuandian County, L iaoning Province located in the contact region between Shizhuzi granodiorite in Yanshan stage and Cambrian carbonate formation. Mo ore bodies are divided into quartz porphyry fissure, granodioritic fissure and cataclastic alteration zone quartz vein types according to surrounding rock properties and structural location. Test results and analysis of S, O, D isotopes show that metallogenic minerals come from remelting salic crust and ore-forming fluids are mainly from magmatic watermixed with a little ancientmeteoric water. There are two stages of ore formation in this region: skarn type Cu-Fe deposits ( Ⅰstage) ; quartz vein and porphyry typesMo deposits ( Ⅱstage) , mainly is porphyry type, and both of them are the products of postmagmatic-thermal fluid.

A large number of compressions of Czekanowskialean leaves were collected from the Middle Juras- sic coal-bearing Yan'an Formation of the Ordos Basin，Inner Mongolia． Subgenus Phoenicopsis (Culgoweria) is found based on leaf gross morphology and epidermal characters for the first time． A new species，Phoenicopsis (Culgowaria) ordosensis sp. nov． is the first record of the subgenus Phoenicopsis (Culgoweria) from the Middle Jurassic in China． The new finding is significant for studying geological and geographical distribution of this subgenus，and for better understanding of the diversity of the subgenus during the Middle Jurassic in Eurasia．

Dashihe deposit is one of the large-size molybdenum deposits recently discovered in the southern margin of Xiaoxinganling--Zhangguangcailing molybdenum metallogenic belt． Deep ore bodies in this deposit are located in the top of porphyaceous granodiorite，veinlet-disseminated in shape． The near-surface ore bodies mainly occurred in the low-grade metamorphic rocks as molybdenite-bearing quartz veins． Molybdenum mineralization was controlled by the explosive breccia pipe and the fissures，and the mineralization and alteration are obvious in zonaition， belonging to porphyry molybdenum deposit． Re-Os dating of five molybdenite samples collected from the shallow ore bodies showed that the model ages as 182. 1 ± 2. 7 Ma ～ 191. 9 ± 2. 6 Ma，with the weighted mean age of 186. 7 ± 5. 0 Ma，and MSWD = 11. 8，which indicates the deposit formed in Early Yanshanian． Combined with other obtained lithogenic and metallogenic ages from the Xiaoxinganling--Zhangguangcailing molybdenum metallogenic belt，it can be inferred that 160 ～ 190 Ma is a concentrated period for large-scale molybdenum mineralization of this belt． The content of Re in the molybdenite is 3. 549 ～ 4. 362 μg·g － 1，indicating ore-forming materials derived from crustal sources． Comprehensive analysis showed that the Dashihe deposit might be resulted by the largescale mineralization events of the Early Yanshanian in the area，and formed in the tectonic environment during the superposition and transformation of Paleo-Asian and Circum-Pacific tectonic domains．

In order to realize accurate mobile navigation and position，the authors combines the offline map software with the data such as the imaging map based on web Mercator projection，DEM data and OSM vector traffic map，and uses the position function of the offline map software and the characteristic information such as topogra- phy，vegetation，pass and sighting conditions to realize on-site interpretation of the mobile navigation and position． At the same time，the authors summarize the results of the application of the mobile navigation and position in the surveys of one transmission line in Guangxi and one potassic salt ore in Laos． The results show that the mobile navi- gation and position based on offline satellite map can not only help the field workers to master the whole navigation route but also verify the on-site details through the on-site interpretation，thereby，the navigation route can be opti- mized to reach the position of the unknown points smoothly．

The eastern Tianshan metallogenic belt，located in eastern part of Tianshan orogenic belt，is one of most important metallogenic belts in northwestern China． This paper presents its tectonic history， metallogenic times and types of mineral deposits in the area． Classic ore deposits，such as VMS ore deposits of Kalatage，Aqishan， porphyritic ore deposits of Tuwu-Yandong， Yuhai Cu-Mo (Au)， Cu-Ni magmatic sulfide ore deposits of Baixintan and so on，are analyzed in metallogenic epoch，as well as their relationship with the history of Kangguer structural zone in temporal- spatial． Through this，we think that the mineralization type and time of Tuwu-Yandong porphyry ore deposit have to be reexamined under the comparision with Shiyingtan epithermal gold deposit，Kangguer quartz vein gold deposit，Kangnan epithermal gold occurrence，Sanchakou porphyry Cu-Mo deposit and Huangshandong Cu-Ni magmatic sulfide ore deposit in the same tectonic belt． The features of the first stage alteration in Weiquan silver and polymetallic deposit，Hongyuntan and Yamansu skarn Fe-Cu deposit are consistent with that of Aqishan VMS- type Cu-Zn deposit，suggesting the potential of ore-forming is the same with that of Aqishan Cu-Zn deposit in Yamansu volcanic island belt． Aeromagnetic abnormities in the area west of Tuwu-Yandong deposit are identical with that of mafic- ultramafic complex of eastern Huangshan，suggesting mafic- ultramafic complex developed in the west area． Above all，we suggest that the research of classic ore deposits be strengthened in mineralization type and epoch，as well as Permian granitoid and mafic- ultramafic complex around the Kangguer structural belt and the deep section of Yamansu metallogenic zone．

Through the study of sandstone detrital component statistics，geochemical characteristic and detrital zircon LA--ICP--MS U--Pb dating of Hongshuiquan Formation sandstone in Yimin area，the authors confirm that the sandstone lithology of Hongshuiquan Formation is feldspar lithic sandstone in category，the tectonic setting of source area is continental island arc in Paleo environment，and the provenance is divided island arc in type． The youngestdating of detrital zircon of Hongshuiquan Formation sandstone is 338 ± 3 Ma，which indicates the formation as the Visean of Middle Mississippian in Carboniferous in age even younger． The Proterozoic zircon aged in 903 ～ 1 676 Ma and the New Proterozoic zircon peak may aged in ～ 780 Ma，reflect the basement age of southern Mongolian micro-block． The peak age of ～ 500 Ma and ～ 380 Ma indicate that the material source area probably went through multi-staged magma events，in which the ～ 500 Ma indicates the source might come from post-orogenic granites concern with the closure of Erguna and Xing'an blocks，while the ～ 380 Ma may reflect that the Erguna --Xing'an block started to collide and collage with Songnen block at Late Devonian，at least，and formed a magmatic arc during the Late Devonian --Early Carboniferous．

Gabbro-diorite zircons from Yantongshan in central Jilin Province are euhedral-subeuhedral in shape, and display homogeneous growth zoning and high Th /U ratios (0.63～1.49) , suggesting theirmagmatic origin. LA-ICP-MS zircons U-Pb dating indicate that ²⁰⁶ Pb /²³⁸U ages of 24 spots ranging (118 ±1) to (125 ±1) Ma with a weighted mean age of (122 ±1) Ma (MSWD = 4.5) , implying the crystallization of this rock body as Early Cretaceous in age. The contents of SiO₂ are 52.41% ～53.38% , TiO₂ 1.27% ～1.95% , MgO 3.34% ～ 4.27% (Mg# = 44～47) , TFe₂O₃ 8.42%～9.48% , Na₂O 3.99%～4.31% , K₂O 1.54%～1.97%, Na₂O /K₂O 2.05～2.75 and Al₂O₃ 16.87% ～19.60%, characterizing high Na and Al. The gabbro-diorites have high light rare earth elements (LREEs) , low heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and weakly positive Eu anomalies in chondrite- normalized rare earth element curves, and with high L ILEs (Rb, Ba and Th) and relative low HFSEs (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and Ti) in p rimitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram. The primary magma of gabbro-diorite in Yantongshan derived from the partialmelting ofmantle wedge which metasomatized by subduction fluids, and formed under an extensional environment similar to back-arc basin during the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

The fluvial sediments in the top of Silurian Tushibulake Formation was the first occurrence of Paleozoic continental strata，which suggested that there was a great sea regression happened during Silurian in Kuruktag of northeastern Tarim Basin，and the environment changed from shore-shallow marine to continental impact． The upward-coarsening sedimentary succession reflected the fast filling of Tarim Basin． The angular unconformity in a large area on the top of Silurian，the filling characteristics changed from marine to continental facies，the provenance background of foreland uplift and volcanic arc orogen revealed the compressional tectonic background of the basin． The uplifted northern margin of Kurugtag and the volcanic arc orogen were the provenances of the Silurian basin in Kurugtag． This Silurian regression in Kuruktag happened under the background of the basinward uplifting． The Silurian basin developed on the basis of Sinian-Ordovician basin，which related to the closing of NantianshanOcean from east to west and the clockwise rotation of Tarim Plate． The development and ending of the Silurian basin
in this area represented the ending of a basin forming cycle from Sinian-Silurian-Devonian under the situations from
extension to compression．

The lakeshore line，deep lake line and bottom configuration restoration of lake basin in Yanchang Formation show the evolvement characteristics of lake basin migrating to the southwest and then to the northeast. The lake basin of the Member Change 6 is characterized by steeping in south and west，and slowing in north and east. The center of basin locates in the north of Miaowan，the east of Zhengning and the south of Ganquan，which leads to gentle slope delta system in northeast，abrupt slope braided-delta in southwest，and turbidite fan in front end of braided-delta. Yanchang Formation can be divided into five sequences in third-level and controlled the distribution of four source-reservoir-cap units. Lake basin evolution of Yanchang Formation shows intimate accumulation with petroleum，and the delta front near lakeshore line is the main petroleum abundance zone，while the turbidite sandbody in deep lake also has certain reservoir capability and good accumulation condition. The characteristics of main accumulation combination and turbidite in deep lake in northeast and southwest show the possibility of further exploration forward basin hinterland.

A Middle Jurassic flora from the Shaerhu coal field of eastern Xinjiang，China is reported for the first time． The flora consists of 27 species of 17 genera in magafossils and 50 species of 35 genera of palynofossils， at least，and is predominated by ferns，bennettitales，cycadoales and ginkgoales，aged probably in the early Middle Jurassic． Based on the geological and paleontological analyses，the flora was probably living in the area where spread by lake-swamps and under warm and humid climates with seasonal changes during the early Middle Jurassic．

A Middle Jurassic flora consisting of 31 species of 18 genus from Zhaogou Formation in Shiguai Basin， Inner Mongolia has been studied. The flora is composed of Filicopsida，Cycadopsida，Ginkgopsid，Czekanoskiales and Coniferopsida. It is suggested that the flora belong to a late assemblage represented by Coniopteris-- Phoenicopsis in North China，aged in early Middle Jurassic.

The dating data of magmatic zircons residued from the drilling basement rocks and captured from Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Songliao Basin indicate seven peaks of the forming time in the basin basement, which are about 240 Ma, 350 Ma, 420 Ma, 530 Ma, 1 000～1 100 Ma, 1 800～1 850 Ma and 2 500 Ma, respectively. Combined with the research on drilling data and paleontological and lithological characteristics, the basement of Songliao Basin can be divided into six structure layers as Variscan, Caledonian, Baikal (Khankan) , Sibao, Luliang, Fuping and Qianxi, which showsmulti-laminate structure of basement. The fact indicates that the tectonic evolution in this area is consistent with the ep icontinental structure of Xingmeng-Jihei orogenic belt, Siberia and North China blocks in Mesozoic. The planning-established Paleozoic lithostratigraplic units in the basement of Songliao Basin can be correlate to the known lithostratigrap lic units of the surrounding areas, which benefits expanding the survey and exp lore scope of oil and gas reservoirs in the periphery and profundity of the basin.

The Quaternary deposits are widely distributed in western Liaoning, centered by Dalinghe River and Xiaolinghe River, where the Karst is very developed in the region geographically, mainly due to the Ordovician limestone as the bedrocks. Under the water solution, these carbonate rocks formed a lot of caves various in size, which provided ideal habitats for the mammals living during the Quaternary time. By 1970s, many sites yielding the mammal fossils were discovered in the region, such as Jianping, west Bajianfang of Lingyuan, Gezidong of Kazuo, Shenjiatai of Jinzhou. Since then, many new sites, e. g. Moershan of Kazuo, the Cave of Erchibu, Mashandong of Chaoyang, Goumendong of Lingyuan, were found one after another. According mainly to the fossil mammal assemblages and their comparisons, the fossils found from western Liaoning represent four geological stages: the late Middle Pleistocene, early Late Pleistocene, middle Late Pleistocene and late Late Pleistocene. These discoveries are very significant for the study of Quaternary mammals, and the divisions and correlation of Quaternary in western Liaoning even for whole Northeast China.

The aquatic angiosperm mega- fossils Cobbania (Lesq． ) Stockey et al． are found from Upper Cre- taceous Yong'ancun Formation in Jiayin for the first time． The new discovery has renovated the knowledge on the composition of the Santonian flora from the Yong'ancun Formation，and the geological range of Cobbania in Jiayin area． Analyzing the floristic structure of Cobbania and its paleoenvironment，provides new data for the study of pa- leogeography and paleoenvironment of Jiayin，Heilongjiang，during the middle Late Cretaceous time．

Based on the regional geological investigation，geochemical analyses and data collection，the au- thors carried out comprehensive study for finding ruby and sapphire from Cenozoic basalt of in Jilin Province with those in the eastern China． The prospecting direction in Jilin Province have been suggested according to the rock type and the formation age of the host basalt，as well as the characteristics of the Quaternary sediments around the volcanic edifice． It is proposed that Yishu- ，Dunmi-and Dongning - - Kuandian fault zones should be preferred ruby and sapphire prospecting direction．

Caosiyao Mo deposit was located in eastern Liangcheng fault uplift of Inner Mongolia platform uplift belonging to the northern margin of North China platform． The molybdenum ore bodies mainly occurred in leucolep- tite and granulite of Huangtuyao Formation in Jining Group，contacting the Caosiyao granite porphyry． The acidic magma intrusive activity in Yanshan period had close relationship with mineralization，and the preliminary estimate of molybdenum metal amount was 1760 000 t． Based on the analysis of ore-forming geological background，geolog- ical characteristics of ore body，and the geophysical and geochemical anomalies，of the Caosiyao Mo deposit，the authors consider that the deposit had dual structure in type，and further summarized the prospecting indicators．