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Global Geology
2020 Vol.23 Issue.2
Published 2020-05-25
Articles
Articles
71
Preparation and characterization of CaO-MgO-SiO
2
ceramics from silver mine tailings
HE Qiang, TANG Zhen, JIANG Haiyang, PENG Yijing, ZHANG Peiping
Silver mine tailings are generated during the exploitation and extraction of silver. Immense amounts of silver mine tailings accumulated in the tailing ponds or backfilled in the mine have resulted in serious dust pollution and heavy metal pollution etc. In this study, ceramics were prepared by using the measure of one step sintering with the mixtures of silver mine tailings, talc and wollastonite, and the impact of silver mine tailings and wollastonite contents on the structure and properties of ceramics were investigated. Moreover, the phase, structure and morphology of ceramics were characterized by methods of XRD, FTIR and SEM. In addition, the apparent porosity, water absorption, volume density, flexural strength and coefficient of thermal expansion of ceramics were tested. The experimental results showed that the optimum performances of ceramics occurred when sintered at 1 200℃ and with raw material consisting of 50wt% of silver mine tailings, 20wt% of wollastonite and 30wt% of talc. The ceramics exhibited excellent properties, with flexural strength of 77.78±8.78 MPa, apparent porosity of (0.4±0.06)%, water absorption of (0.21±0.05)% and a bulk density of 1.93±0.02 g/cm
3
. A simple, efficient and economical preparation method of ceramics is presented in this article, which is an effective approach to value-added utilization of silver mine tailings.
2020 Vol. 23 (2): 71-77 [
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78
Hydrothermal evolution and source of metallogenic materials of Beiya Au polymetallic deposit, western Yunnan, China
DENG Jiafang, SUN Fengyue, XIN Wei, XU Zhihe, PAN Zhongcui, WU Dongqian, TIAN Nan
The Beiya porphyry-skarn gold-polymetallic deposit is one of the largest gold deposits in China and it also contains significant amounts of silver and base metals. The ore-bearing monzonitic granite porphyry occurs as a stock, of which the skarn type gold-copper-iron ore bodies are controlled by the contact zone between alkali-rich monzonitic granite porphyry and the limestone, and the gold-silver polymetallic mineralization is controlled by interlayer structure. Alteration and mineralization occur around the intrusion and exterior of monzonitic granite porphyry. Ore mineral formation sequence is as follows: skarn minerals→magnetite→pyrite→chalcopyrite/bornite+pyrite+gold→pyrite+galena+gold (silver). Petrographic studies of fluid inclusions indicate that the following types of inclusions exist in the pre-mineralization quartz-pyrite stage: gas-liquid two-phase inclusions (L-type), three-phase inclusions with daughter minerals (D-type) and gas-rich inclusions (V-type). The colorless transparent quartz in the main gold-chalcopyrite-pyrite stage mainly consists of L-type and V-type inclusions, whereas the inclusions in the late gold-silver-galena stage are mainly L-type. The evolution of ore-forming fluids shows a trend from high temperature, high salinity to medium-low temperature and low salinity. Medium-low density fluids play a dominant role in mineral component migration and transportation. Fluid cooling and boiling are the main mechanisms of gold-copper precipitation, while the involvement of atmospheric water and pH reduction are the main mechanisms of gold-silver polymetallic precipitation. The fluids in the quartz-pyrite stage before mineralization and the main gold-chalcopyrite-pyrite stage are dominated by magmatic water, while in the gold-silver-galena stage the fluids are dominated by atmospheric water. Isotope tracers show that S and Pb are mainly derived from monzonitic granite porphyry, not from limestone of the Beiya Formation.
2020 Vol. 23 (2): 78-91 [
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Ore-controlling effect of structure and distribution of deep rock mass on Pb-Zn deposit in Qingchengzi ore concentration area,Liaoning
NIU Mingxuan, YU Yunliang, TIAN Liya, NIU Wenqing, XU Haibo
Qingchengzi ore concentration area in Liao-Ji rift is an important lead-zinc ore area of China, and the deep prospecting in this area has great prospects. Based on the spatial occurrence of ore bodies the Pb-Zn deposit can be divided into three types: layered, vein-shaped and pinnate. The deep geological conditions in this area are deduced by analyzing the tectonic evolution process and rock mass gravity inversion. The tectonic evolution of Liao-Ji rift can be divided into three stages: Paleoproterozoic extension period, Mesoproterozoic compression period and Mesozoic reactivation period. The magmatic activities in the Indosinian epoch led to the distribution pattern of the present deposits. According to the gravity inversion, Shuangdinggou- and Xinling rock masses on the north and south sides of the mining area are connected in the deep. The connected rock body might be distributed in the entire mining area. Xinling rock mass may be a branch extending from Shuangdinggou rock mass along the northeast trending fault, the connected rocks provide magmatic hydrothermal fluid for the final, folds and faults result in different types of ore body shapes.
2020 Vol. 23 (2): 92-98 [
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Characteristics of Zhangsanying-Tongshanzi aeromagnetic anomaly zone and prospecting potential of iron deposits in northern Hebei, China
LI Wenyong, LIU Yanxu, LU Wenfen, MA Guoqing, ZHANG Chongshan, ZHAO Jiawei
Based on the latest high-precision aeromagnetic data, an aeromagnetic anomaly zone is identified at Zhangsanying-Tongshanzi in northern Hebei Province. By the potential field conversion processing, including the reduction to the pole, vertical derivative, upward continuation and residual anomaly, the authors analyzed the characteristics of three typical aeromagnetic anomalies in Zhangsanying-Tongshanzi aeromagnetic anomaly zone and their geological origin. The methods include the forward and inversion methods, such as 2.5D optimization fitting and Euler deconvolution. Moreover, combined with the geological outcrop, known iron deposits, ground magnetic survey and verification, the authors studied the relationship between the aeromagnetic anomalies and iron deposits. The result shows that the Zhangsanying-Tongshanzi aeromagnetic anomaly zone is composed of 10 large magnetic anomalies with high amplitude and clear boundary. The aeromagnetic anomalies are comparable and intrinsically related to the ground magnetic anomalies and IP anomalies, indicating that the anomalies are caused by magnetite deposits. It has good magnetite prospecting potential in the Zhangsanying-Tongshanzi aeromagnetic anomaly zone.
2020 Vol. 23 (2): 99-115 [
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Method for predicting cuttings transport using artificial neural networks in foam drilling
PAK Kumdol, PENG Jianming, RI Jaemyong, CHOE Kumhyok, HO Yinchol
Foam is used widely in underbalanced drilling for oil and gas exploration to improve well perfor-mance. Accurate prediction of the cutting transport and pressure loss in the foam drilling is an important way to prevent stuck pipe, lost circulation and to increase the rate of penetration(ROP).In foam drilling, the cuttings transport quality may be defined in terms of cuttings consistency and downhole pressure loss, which are controlled by many factors. Therefore, it is very difficult to establish the mathematical equation that reflects nonlinear relationship among various factors. The field and experimental measurements of these parameters are time consuming and costly. In this study, the authors suggest a cuttings transport mathematical modeling using BPN (back propagation network), RBFN (radial basis function network) and GRNN (general regression neural network) based on various experiment data of cuttings transport of previous researchers and compared the result with experiment data. Results of this study show that the GRNN has a correlation coefficient of 0.999 62 and an average error of 0.15 in training datasets, and a correlation coefficient of 0.998 81 and an average error of 0.612 in testing datasets, which has higher accuracy and faster training velocity than the BP network or RBFN network. GRNN can be used in many mathematical problems for accurate estimation of cuttings consistency and downhole pressure loss instead of field and experimental measurements for hydraulic design in foam drilling operation.
2020 Vol. 23 (2): 116-122 [
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Joint inversion of magnetotelluric and fullwaveform seismicdata based on alternating cross-gradient structural constraints
QI Jiahui, FENG Xuan, Enhedelihai Nilot, LI Xiaodan
Magnetotelluric (MT) inversion and seismic inversion are important methods for the interpretation of subsurface exploration data, but separate inversion of MT and seismic produces ambiguous and non-unique results due to various factors. In order to achieve accurate results, the authors propose a joint inversion method of two-dimensional MT and seismic data in the frequency domain. The finite element method is used for numerical simulation of electromagnetic data in the forward modelling, and the Gauss-Newton method is used for the inversion. The 9-point-finite-difference method is used to solve the seismic wave field in the acoustic wave equation, and the inverse problem of seismic data is solved by full waveform inversion with a conjugate gradient, a simple and fast method. Cross gradient functions are used to provide constraint structure between resistivity and velocity parameters to carry out the joint inversion. The joint inversion algorithm is tested by double-rectangular model synthesis data, and the accuracy of the algorithm is verified. The results show that the joint inversion results are better than those from separate inversion. The algorithm is applied to a geophysical model of a metalliferous deposit in Jinchuan and is compared with the separate inversion results. It shows that the results obtained with joint inversion are much closer to the real model.
2020 Vol. 23 (2): 123-134 [
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