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Global Geology
2019 Vol.22 Issue.4
Published 2019-12-25
Articles
Articles
217
The use of charcoal to interpret Cretaceous wildfires and volcanic activity
Andrew C. Scott
Charcoal is abundant in most post-Silurian sedimentary sequences and even in some volcanic rocks. The study of charcoal can provide important information on not only what plants were being burned but also on how the charcoal residue was formed. Most charcoal encountered in the sedimentary record is a result of lightning-ignited wildfires but volcanic activity may also act as an ignition source. Charcoal preserves exquisite anatomical data that can be studied by a range of microscopical techniques including scanning electron microscopy that allows the identity of the plants to be determined. Fires have a major impact on a range of environments and ecosystems. The elevated oxygen content of the atmosphere indicates that the Cretaceous can be considered a "high-fire" world. Fire activity should be taken into account in Cretaceous vegetation and climate models. The occurrence of charcoal at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary has been highlighted as evidence for a global fire following an asteroid impact, but this interpretation is questionable.Charcoal may be found within volcanic rocks, especially from deposits of pyroclastic flows and from basaltic lavas. This may provide data on the entombed vegetation but reflectance data may be used to provide interpretations of deposit temperatures. Charcoal is information-rich but yet is an under-utilized resource. Fire is an expression of life on Earth and an index of life's history and is relevant for geology, biology, human history, physics and global chemistry.
2019 Vol. 22 (4): 217-241 [
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242
Palynostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous and boundary Paleogene deposits in West Siberian Plain
Natalya K. Lebedeva, Olga B. Kuzmina
The article presents the results of many years of studies of the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments in the territory of West Siberian Plain. The heterogeneous structure of these sediments in different regions of the plain is shown. The lithological and palynological characteristics of a number of studied wells drilled in different years in Omsk and Kulunda Depressions, in Baraba Lowland and Bakchar Basin are given. The obtained palynological data allowed to substantiate the age of the deposits and to make suggestions concerning their depositional environment, and to clarify the subdivision of geological section into formations. The sections of the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits in different lithofacial regions of the Western Siberia differ from each other in completeness, genesis, and paleontological characteristics. The Upper Cretaceous sediments in Western Siberia are represented by formations of both marine (Pokur, Kuznetzovo, Ipatovo, Slavgorod and Gan'kino Formations) and continental genesis (Lenkovo and Sym formations). The Paleogene sediments, with the exception of Oligocene, mostly have a marine genesis-these are Talitsa-, Marsyat-, Lulinvor-, Tavda-and Yurki formations, but there are also continental sediments (Ostrovnoje Formation). A large stratigraphic break in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene boundary deposits, covering a significant part of the Maastrichtian, Paleocene, Ypresian, and Lutetian stages of the Eocene, was established in the sourheast of the West Siberian Plain (Bakchar Basin, Baraba Lowland and Kulunda Depression). The most complete sections are located in the Omsk Depression, where the Upper Cretaceous Gan'kino Formation is covered by Talitsa and Lulinvor Formations of Paleogene age. The most important events occurring at the boundary of the Cretaceous and Paleogene in Western Siberia can be traced currently in a few sections located in the Trans-Ural area, since there was no sedimentation in the rest of the territory at that time.
2019 Vol. 22 (4): 242-249 [
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Reptilian vertebrates from Deccan volcanic associated sediments of Malwa Plateau in context to reptiles across Maastrichtian-Paleogene volcanic eruptions in Main Deccan Volcanic Province, India
Dhananjay Mohabey, Bandana Samant, Anup Dhobale, Deepesh Kumar
The enormous eruptive volume of India's Deccan continental flood basalts has been linked to global mass extinction at Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and destablilisation of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems before and after the Chicxulub bolide impact. Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) currently covers around 500 000 km
2
of land between latitude 15°10'-24°30'N and longitude 70°10-82°10'E over central India towards the west coast. The pre-erosional volume is estimated at around 1.6 million km
3
which is one of the largest volcanic eruptions on the Earth. The Deccan lava flows in geographically separated areas in DVP are considered to have separate sources and sites of eruptions and were outpoured in different magnetochrons viz. C30n to C28n of Maastrichtian to Paleocene. The Deccan volcanic sequences (DVS) in different provinces are associated with (i) sediments deposited before the arrival (Ground Zero) of the first lava flows-designated as infratrappean or Lameta sediments and (ii) sediments between the lava flows deposited during the period of quiescence at different stratigraphic levels designated as intertrappean (interflow) sediments. The Ground Zero Lameta sediments are the major dinosaur bearing sediments deposited in six inland basins viz. 1. Balasinor-Jhabua; 2. Sagar; 3. Jabalpur; 4. Ambikapur-Amarkantak; 5. Salburdi; 6. Nand-Dongargaon. The sediments represent mainly the terrestrial ecosystems destabilised by the volcanism and they record history of biotic and environmental changes impacted by the volcanism across the Deccan volcanic eruptions. The titanosaurs, crocodylimorphs and bothremydid turtles survived across the first flows in the region in the C30n. The skeletal remains of the surviving reptiles are preserved in the Deccan volcanic associated intertrappean lake sediments at different stratigraphic levels higher-up in the sequence. Locally, in the Malwa region the Scincomorp and Anguimorph lizards make their first appearance during the earlier phase of volcanic eruptions in C30n wherein their well preserved bones are found in the intertrappean/inter lsva lake sediments deposited between the lava flows. The lizard fauna is indicated to have better flourished after the initial Deccan eruptions possibly owing to increased humidity.
2019 Vol. 22 (4): 250-257 [
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258
Some biostratigraphically important palynomorphs from Paleocene Minato Formation,Iwate Prefecture,Northeast Japan
Junji Horiuchi
Palynological study of the Minato Formation, Noda Group, distributed in the vicinity of Kuji City, Iwate Prefecture, Japan is discussed in this paper. Biostratigraphically important palynomorphs including four angiosperm species,
Triprojectus subspinulosus
(Funkhouser) Braman,
Triprojectus
cf.
spinulosus
(Mtchedlishvili) Stanley,
Paraalnipollenites confusus
Hills et Wallace and
Pistillipollenites macgregorii
Rouse, and one fungi species,
Pesavis tagluensis
Elsik et Jansonius are described. Palyno-assembleges from the lower and the middle horizons of the Minato Formation are considered to indicate Danian in age, which corresponds well with the known fission-track dating. Palyno-assembleges from the lower and middle horizons of the Minato Formations are correlative with those from the Wuyun Formation and the Upper Tsagayan Subformation of Heilongjiang (Amur) River area in northeast China and the Russian Far East. Despite the similarity of the palyno-assembleges, differences in the diversity of angiosperms and species composition of some biostratigraphically important species are recognized between the two regions.
2019 Vol. 22 (4): 258-269 [
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Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the reference section (Olenek River) for eastern regions of Laptev Sea area (Arctic Siberia, Russia)
Boris L. Nikitenko, Ekaterina B. Pestchevitskaya, Svetlana N. Khafaeva
The Volgian-Valanginian succession of shallow-water deposits from the Olenek section (Anabar-Lena region, Arctic Siberia) has been studied by sedimentological and palaeontological methods. High-resolution biostratigraphy of studied interval is based on the ammonites, foraminifers, marine and terrestrial palynomorphs. Foraminiferal and palynological zones have important regional implications providing well-constrained biostratigraphy of the Anabar-Lena region. Sedimentological studies together with ecological analysis of the associations of microbenthos, microphytoplankton and terrestrial palynomorphs allow the palaeoenvironmental reconstructions for the marginal area of the Anabar-Lena palaeosea and coastal land areas.
2019 Vol. 22 (4): 270-279 [
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Araucarian cone-scale complexes,newly found in Aptian Kitadani Formation of Tetori Group in Fukui Prefecture, Central Japan
Hirokazu Yukawa, Atsushi Yabe
This study reports on two forms of Araucarian cone-scale complexes from the Aptian Kitadani Formation of the Tetori Group in Fukui Prefecture, Central Japan. One of these has been identified as a new fossil species:Araucarites kitadaniensis Yabe et Yukawa sp. nov. This is the first known occurrence of
Araucarian macrofossils
from the Tetori Group, indicating that this group was substantially diverse during that time period. This finding concurs with previous palynological investigations at the site, supporting the hypothesis that Araucarian plants began to diversify during Aptian global warming.
2019 Vol. 22 (4): 280-288 [
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Dinosaurs, birds and pterosaurs of Korea and geological heritage protection
Min Huh
Republic of Korea (South Korea) is one of the richest and most exciting regions on earth for the study of vertebrate ichnology. Very unique vertebrate fossils include dinosaurs, bird tracks, pterosaurs were discovered from more important sites. New finds of dinosaur skeletal remains have increased the number and diversity of known Korean dinosaur taxa. Other fossils including dinosaur tooth and skin impressions, pterosaur bonesand tooth, turtle bones and eggs, crocodile skull and tooth, lizard bone, wood fossils, and trace fossils. Many sites reveal the highest density of bird and dinosaur track levels anywhere in the world. In South Korea there is a comprehensive system of national and provincial parks as well as nearly 500 sites identified under national legislation as ‘naturalmonuments’, in which the Cretaceous sites are the most abundant, and the Mudeungsan National Geopark newly established was certificated as the UNESCO Global Geopark.
2019 Vol. 22 (4): 289-292 [
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Int'l Symposium on Cretaceous Biota and K-Pg boundary successfully held in Jiayin, China
TIAN Ning, ZHANG Honggang, TAN Xiao, SUN Ge
2019 Vol. 22 (4): 293-296 [
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