By axial compression tests on 6 reinforced concrete slender columns wrapped with carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) , with slenderness ratio ( SR) from 4.5 to 17.5, the results show that when SR increases the retrofitting effect declines. In the case of same SR, the stability coefficient ( SC) for the reinforced concrete (RC) columns with CFRP is much less than that without CFRP. There is 20% increase of stable bearing capacity to the former as compared with the latter when the SR in less than 17.5. The study summarized the simplified formula for SC, which provides a reference for engineering designers.

Changbaishan volcano is the largest potential eruptive volcano in China． In this paper，seismic activity， horizontal displacement，vertical displacement and the fluid geochemistry data acquiring from Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano Observatory ( TVO) in recent years are analyzed． The authors discussed the ability for the Changbaishan volcanic seismic monitoring and active level of Changbaishan volcano in recent years based on the fundamental monitoring results． The results show that Changbaishan volcano has experienced an unrest episode from 2002 to 2005，but its active level recovers to the background now．

An extended self-organizingmap for supervised classification is proposed in this paper. Unlike other traditional SOMs, the model has an input layer, a Kohonen layer, and an output layer. The number of neurons in the input layer depends on the dimensionality of input patterns. The number of neurons in the output layer equals the number of the desired classes. The number of neurons in the Kohonen layer may be a few to several thousands, which depends on the complexity of classification problems and the classification precision. Each training sample is expressed by a pair of vectors: an input vector and a class codebook vector. When a training sample is input into the model, Kohonenps competitive learning rule is applied to selecting the winning neuron from the Kohonen layer and the weight coefficients connecting all the neurons in the input layer with both the winning neuron and its neighbors in the Kohonen layer are modified to be closer to the input vector, and those connecting all the neurons around the winning neuron within a certain diameter in the Kohonen layer with all the neurons in the output layer are adjusted to be closer to the class codebook vector. If the number of training samples is sufficiently large and the learning epochs iterate enough times, the model will be able to serve as a supervised classifier. The model has been tentatively applied to the supervised classification of multispectral remotely sensed data. The author compared the performances of the extended SOM and BPN in remotely sensed data classification. The investigation manifests that the extended SOM is feasible for supervised classification.

An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene ( K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River，China during 2002-2010，is summarized in this paper． The strata includes the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun-，Taipinglinchang-，Yuliangzi-， and Furao formations，and the Paleocence Wuyun Formation consisting of Baoshantou Member and a Coalbearing Member． Seven palynological assemblages from Santonian to Paleocene are recognized，which is used for definition of the K--Pg boundary． Through the palynological analysis of three drilled boreholes ( XHY-2005， 2006，2008) in Xiaoheyan of western Jiayin，the K--Pg boundary is defined within 20. 00-20. 05 m in the borehole XHY-2006 ( as a standard boundary) which is just between the top of Furao Formation ( late Maasterichtian) and the base of Baishantou Member ( early Danian) ． These new research results are supported by paleomagnetic， geochemical and other analyses，also． On the other hand，the presence of eight taxa of Maasterichtian dinosaurs ( mostly hadrosaurids) have been recognized by the authors; and two mega-plant assemblages from the Yong'ancun Fm ( Santonian) to Taipinglinchang Fm ( Campanian) are confirmed． These research achievements indicate that the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in Jiayin can be well correlated to the strata in the neighboring Zeya-Bureja basin，Russia． The K--Pg boundary definited in Jiayin is the first well documented non-marine K--Pg boundary in China． Also the related paleoclimate，paleoenvironment and the mass extinctions in this area during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition are also discussed．

Four main dinosaur-bearing sites have been investigated in latest Cretaceous deposits from the Amur / Heilongjiang Region: Jiayin and Wulaga in China ( Yuliangze Formation) ，Blagoveschensk and Kundur in Russia ( Udurchukan Formation) ． More than 90% of the bones discovered in these localities belong to hollow-crested lambeosaurine hadrosaurids: Charonosaurus jiayinensis at Jiayin，Amurosaurus riabinini at Blagoveschensk， Olorotitan arharensis at Kundur，and Sahaliyania elunchunorum at Wulaga． Flat-headed hadrosaurine hadrosaurids are much less numerous，but appear well diversified as well: Kerberosaurus manakini at Blagoveschensk， Wulagasaurus dongi at Wulaga，and a new genus at Kundur． Theropods are represented by shed teeth and isolated bones; isolated scutes and teeth discovered at Kundur are tentatively attributed to nodosaurids． Palynological studies suggest that these sites are probably synchronous with the Lancian' vertebrate localities of western North America，which represent the youngest dinosaur faunas in this area． However，the latest Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages are completely different in the Amur /Heilongjiang region ( lambeosaurines abundant，ceratopsids absent) and in western North America ( ceratopsids abundant，lambeosaurines extremely rare or absent) ． This probably reflects some kind of geographical barrier between both areas by Maastrichtian time rather than strong differences in palaeoecological conditions．

About forty productive oil/gas fields hosted in volcanic reservoirs have been found since 1957 in fourteen basins of China. They can be simply subdivided into two groups, the east and the west. Reservoir volcanic rocks of the east group are predominantly composed of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rhyolite and Tertiary basalt, preferred being considered as rift type volcanics developed in the circum-Pacific tectonic regime. Those of the west are Permo-Carboniferous intermediate /basic volcanic rocks, being island-arc type ones developed in paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic regime.

Since Late Proterozoic era, the Korean Peninsula has been evolved into a state with relatively stable regions and orogenic beltswhich were developed differently each other. The Late Paleozoic (Late Carboniferous－Early Triassic) sediments are well developed in the Korean Peninsula, and called the Pyongan System. The Pyongan System from Late Carboniferous to Lower Triassic is distributed in the Pyongnan and Hyesan-Riwon Basins, and Rangrim Massif, and divided into Hongjom (C₂ ) , Ripsok (C₂ ) , Sadong (C₂-P₁ ) , Kobangsan and Rokam ( Taezhawon) ( P₂-T₁ ) sequences. The sediments of the Tumangang Orogenic Belt are called Tuman System which is composed of the Amgi Series, consisting of clastic formation with mafic effusive material, overlaid by the Kyeryongsan Series, consisting mainly of mafic volcano sediments. The Songsang Series which rests on the Kyeryongsan Series mainly consists of clastic formation with minor felsic effusive material. In the Tuman- gang Orogenic Belt the tectonic movement, called Tumangang Tectonic Movement, occurred in the Lower Permian－Lower Triassic.

By using numerical analysis methods to simulate the deep excavation, a lot of analyses are established on the basis of two-dimensional plane strain, ignoring the fact that foundation pit possesses three dimensions. For soil constitutive relation, people always take linear and nonlinear model, without considering the plastic behavior of soil. Using plastic-elastic hardeningmodel to simulate constitutive relation of soil characteristics, the authors carried outmechanical analysis for pit excavation and support. The results show that the analysis for the stress state of pile anchor system is an effective waywhich provides theoretical basis for calculation of soil displacement.

In recent years, air-foam combining the advantages of both liquid and air drilling has been utilized as a drilling medium. Air-foam drilling has proved its efficiency in numerous situations where serious problems were encountered, such as in fractured formations and depleted or high permeable zones. However, the major disadvantage of air-foam drilling system is that the foam can only be used once, so that an extremely large pit is required to contain the foam to allow sufficient room for cuttings and for the foam to dissipate. Moreover, it needs enormous volume prepared, consuming abundance of water and ingredient additives, which results in the high cost of foam drilling. The recycling foam fluid by using foam breaking technology is the only effective method to solve these problems associated with the known foam drilling. Various types of equipment and technique have been employed to suppress foam formation in biological and process equipment in foam drilling. The study described various methods of foam breaking technology, and the trend of the foam breaking technology for foam drilling is discussed.

Air DTH hammer has been successfully applied in minor-caliber solid mineral exploration，waterwell drilling and other drilling areas． In order to expand the applications of the technology，the authors further studied the principle and analyzed the mechanism of reverse circulation drilling technique with air DTH hammer to get the perfect assembles of equipments by optimizing working parameters． No parameter seemed more important than the air volume because it could maintain the working performance stability． The minimum air volume is related to the parameters such as depth and pressure，which was calculated under the actual conditions． It was solved for the air injection flow tables of the air DTH Hammer working at the different pressures． According to the data tables，operators could adjust the air volume to meet the demand on this technique，which had a realistic guiding significance． So it could build up a set of systematic and complete hi-technique．

Hongxing reservoir was constructed on the floodp lain of Hulan River in Heilongjiang. The geological problem of the reservoir is the seepage of the dam base and its related seepage stability. The leakage of the reservoir is caused by the water head differences between the up stream and downstream of the dam. Severe seepage could decrease the engineering benefits of the reservoir. Moreover, infiltration function of water will influence the safety of the dam. Through the analysis on the granule constitute and the formation of the dam base, the types of the seepage failure apt to happen were defined and the anti-infiltration and the permissible dep ression ratio were determined. Using the numerical simulation software GMS, the two-dimension numerical modeling has been carried out to analyze the seepage field of the reservoir. Through the two conditionsmodelingwith concrete impervious wall and no concrete imperviouswall, the largest flow rate, single-wide seepage discharge and the max infiltration gradient of the dam base were calculated. According to the permeable dep ression ratio of the dam base, the seepage stability of Hongxing reservoir dam base was analyzed.

The latest sharp uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains occurred at the end of the early Pleistocene. The uplift of the Plateau resulted from Late Mesozoic－Cenozoic comp ressional structure due to the subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Asian continent. This event definitively effected the formation of basin-mountain relief, Cenozoic basin deformation, large scale aridity and desertification of western China. The Australasian meteorites impact event happened ca. 0.8 Ma ago, located in the triangle area of the Indian Ocean ridge (20°S/67°E) . The impact may have resulted in an acceleration of speeding of the Indian Ocean ridge pushing the Indian Plate to subduct rapidly northward. Thus, the impact event can give reasonable explanation for the dynamic background of the latest rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the continental deformation of western China and even of the Middle Asia.

This study presented the specified steps of comprehensively analyzing the hydraulic-driven hammer system with the application of the Virtual Prototype Technology. By comparing the simulation results with experimental phenomena and data, the correctness of simulation analysis conclusion is verified. Meanwhile, by means of its perfect visualization, the internal work process which can not be seen before is simulated. The mechanism of some abnormal phenomena encountered during the experiment is explained.

The paper describes the sedimentary features and biostratigraphy of the transitional Jurassic to Cretaceous deposits in the continental basins of Priamurie formed after the collision between the Siberian and North China blocks. In Upper Priamurie, the collision occurred in the late Early Jurassic as dated by the emplacement of the post-collisional granites (191Ma) . While in Lower Priamurie and West Priokhotie it could take place in the late Middle Jurassic on the basis of fossil evidence from an accretionary turbidite complex. This event reflected the environmental change from coastal-marine to alluvial plains, often boggy, where coals accumulated. The environmental change is in harmony with that of biota. Systematic study of floral and spores/pollen assemblages, particularly in the sections of interbedded marine and non-marine deposits, makes clear the chronostratigraphic succession of floral associations and shows the possibility of their application for subdivision and correlation of the continental deposits of Priamurie. The coastal-marine environment of the residual post-collisional sublatitudinal basins in the western part of Priamurie (Upper Amur and Dep basins) was replaced by the continental in the late Middle Jurassic and in the eastern part in the Berriasian-Valanginian ( Torom Basin) . Similar environmental change commenced in the submeridional rift basins: the Bureya Basin in the Callovian and the Partizansk Basin in the Hauterivian. Changes in ecosystems occurred frequently during theMiddle Jurassic-Neocomian, but the most substantial changes took place in the late Middle Jurassic and in the end of Late Jurassic.

There exists frost damage in cold-region tunnels. The circumferential cracks affect the function of tunnels. Using three-dimensional finite elementmethod, the authors analyzed the mechanism of circumferential cracks in cold-region tunnels It is proved that the internal thermal stress in lining exceeds the tensile strength of concrete, which is the direct cause for circumferential cracks occurring. The laws of thermal stress in lining induced by parameters such as temperature drop, horizontal drag coefficient and length of lining are analyzed. The conclusions are valuable to the design and construction of cold-region tunnels considering the thermal stress.

The collap sibility of loess ground can directly affect stability of subgrade. Therefore, how to adopt practical technical measures to reduce or eliminate its collapse deformation is an important content in foundation design in collapsible loess zone. Selecting collapsible loess from Fuxin-Chaoyang highway in Liaoning, the authors conducted a series of tests for improving loess with cement. The loess in different water content was mixed with the cement in varying proportions, unconfined compression strength for the samples at four different curing periods were tested, and the relationships of improved soil strength among cement mixture ratio and curing periods were analyzed. When the curing periods are certain, the strength of loess increases along with the mixture ratio increases; when the cement mixture ratio is 5% -15% , the scope of increases is quite obvious; when the mixture ratio is greater than 15% , the tendency of intensity increases turns slow. When the mixture ratio for the specimen is certain, the intensity of the test specimen increases along with the curing period increases, the intensity grows obviously in 28 days, and the growth rate is small in 28-90 days, the intensity tends to be steady in the curing period of 90 days.

Based on the anatomical study of leaf cuticles of Cordaites from the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation in Baode of Shanxi, the author analysed the epidermal characters of Cordaites in this area. On the base of the abundant compressions and laboratory studies, the author complemented some new data of the cuticular characters of the species Cordaites baodeensis Sun for its study of taxonomy. Meanwhile, the author newly discovered a number of sporopollen fossils associated with the mega-plants of Cordaitales, described 9 species of 6 genera. The palynological data can provide a supp lement evidence for defining the age of C. baodeensis and its associated plants to be Early Permian.

Drilling fluid additives has a major impact on rheology behavior and other performances of the drilling fluid. The key to low temperature drilling fluids is choosing antifreeze and polymer agent which have a strong ability in resisting low temperature. On the basis of determining glycol as antifreeze agent, the low-temperature-performance and capacities of anti-collapse of regular validitymud agents have been studied, the mechanism of anti-caving of the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide ( PHPA) , polyp ropylene potassium (KPA) and PAC-141 polymer additives have been also analyzed. A pilot study of compatibility between ethylene glycol and the poly- mers has educed that the polymers, ethylene glycol and inorganic salt are compatible, and they can significantly reduce the freezing point of drilling fluid. Anti-collapse ability of the drilling mud is the results of synergistic action among the agents.

A new pterosaur Archaeoistiodactylus linglongtaensis gen． et sp． nov． is erected based on an incomplete skeleton with a partial skull and lower jaw． The new taxon is characterized by circular tooth sockets of anterior mandibular teeth，the anterior teeth of the upper jaw bearing posteriorly directed crowns，a relatively short metacarpus，and wing phalanges 2 and 3 and the tibia subequal in length． It possesses some plesiomorphic characters such as short metacarpals and circular tooth sockets． The pointed jaw tip present in the new taxon indicates that the expanded jaw tips of later istiodactylids are a derived character state，and the new taxon represents the first istiodactylus-like pterosaur found from the pre-Late Jurassic deposits，which provides a key role in our understanding the origin and evolution of the known istiodactylid pterosaurs． Archaeoistiodactylus is regarded as the ancestor form of the known istiodactylid pterosaur．

Fossil woods were collected from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene beds distributed around Heilongjang ( Amur) River area of China and Russia． A total of 43 specimens were collected from Baishantou，Longgushan， and Yong ＇ancun in Jiayin，China，and 85 specimens from Zeya-Bureya Basin lying southeast of Blagoveshchensk in Russia． Selected specimens were sectioned and studied anatomically． The source deposits of almost all identifiable specimens belong to the Upper Cretaceous ( Campanian) Taipinglinchang Formation and the Paleocene Wuyun Formation in China，and the Paleocene Upper Tsagayan Formation in Russia． Although the results obtained are still far from complete，the taxonomic composition of the fossil woods show marked stratigraphic differences between the two horizons beyond the K/T boundary in China． There is also a strong similarity in wood flora between the Wuyun Formation of China and the Upper Tsagayan Formation of Russia． All identified specimens from the Taipinglinchang Formation are Xenoxylon latiporosum． This is one of the stratigraphically younger records of Xenoxylon，which is a conifer morphogenus of uncertain affinity most common in the Triassic to Early Cretaceous． Only one specimen with possible derivation from either the Wuyun or the Maastrichtian Furao Formation in China was identified as Taxodioxylon sp． The Wuyun Formation yielded both conifers and dicotyledonous woods． The conifers include Taxodioxylon sequoianum of the Taxodiaceae，and Protopiceoxylon amurense，which is attributable to the extant genera Keteleeria or Nothotsuga of the Pinaceae， both are at present endemic to China． At least two morphotypes of dicotyledonous woods were recognized，with one identified as cf． Hamamelidoxylon ，and the other diffuse porous wood is characterized by numerous heterogeneous rays． From the Zeya-Buleya Basin of Russia，Taxodioxylon sequoianum and cf． Hamamelidoxylon sp． were identified from the Upper Tsagayan Formation． The similarity of wood composition in both Wuyun and Upper Tsagayan Formations support lithological as well as biostratigraphic correlations proposed for the two formations．

Principal Component Analysis ( PCA) can simplify the structure of database by replacing multidimensional parameters with relatively less comprehensive variables in order to ensure the minimum lost in initial data． In this paper，eighteen black soil samples from different sites were tested and thirteen distinctive indexes were chosen to evaluate the degeneration of black soil． By using principal component analysis，variables of thirteen dimensions can be diminished to six unrelated principal indexes． Analysis shows that the soluble salt content，Fulvic acids ( FA) and aggregation degree have a high weighing coefficient，indicating these three indexes are the major parts for the evaluation of black soil degradation． It also provides a new path to the degenerated black soil treatment in Northeast China．

Drilling fluid is a common flushingmedium used in pile foundation, geological drilling and petroleum drilling. Study on ultrasonic propagation properties in drilling fluid is of vital importance, not only for developing equipments to non-contact measuring concrete casting level for bored pile, but also for developing equipments considering drilling fluid as signal channel. The existence of clay particlesmakes the ultrasonic propagation and attenuation in drilling fluid much different from pure water. In order to know the relation among ultrasound frequency, slurry density and depth, a series of laboratory experiments about ultrasound propagation in water-based bentonite slurry were finished. Wavelet method was adopted to process the gained original waves of ultrasonic propagation in slurry, so we knew the velocity and attenuation coefficient of ultrasound propagated in different drilling fluids with different density. The first group experiments shows that with density of drilling fluid increase, ultrasonic velocity will decrease but attenuation coefficient will increase if ultrasonic frequency keep constant. The second group experiments shows that the power of ultrasound will intensify in small bore hole, the attenuation coefficient ismuch smaller than theoretical value.

In the conditions of low Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( SNR) of seismic data and a small quality of log information， the consequences of seismic interpretation through the impedance inversion of seismic data could be more precise． Constrained sparse spike inversion ( CSSI) has advantage in oil and gas reservoir predication because it does not rely on the original model． By analyzing the specific algorithm of CSSI，the accuracy of inversion is controlled． Oriente Basin in South America has the low amplitude in geological structure and complex lithologic trap． The well predication is obtained by the application of CSSI．

In order to determine and assess the concentrations of trace elements in coral reefs sediments from Red Sea of Yemen, sediment samples were collected, treated and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, iead, iron, zinc and vanadium by the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The result is that cadmium, cobalt and lead concentrations were high and other elements are low or the same as natural background. It is concluded that the high cadmium, cobalt and lead levels in coral reefs sediments will have negative effects on marine life of the sites, so further researches are needed to characterize the sources fate, biogeochemical processes and impacts of these trace elements on coral reefs and marine of the region.

The palynological assemblage from Wulaga dinosaur site in Jiayin from southeastern Zeya-Bureya Basin was studied. The high content of pteridophytes spores is characteristic for this assemblage. The further characters are in decrease of abundance-tricolpate pollen, Ginkgocycadophytus, pollen of Taxodiaceae, Cup ressaceae and Taxaceae ( TCT) , bisaccate pollen of Pinaceae, and triporate pollen. The bone-bearing burials of Wulaga dinosaur site formed under conditions of vast swampy river valley covered by ferns and taxodialeans. Tricolpate pollen, produced by plants, close to those of Platanaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae, counts in favor of valley river open canopy forests.

In the Korean Peninsula the Meso-Cenozoic basins were mainly formed due to fault block and block movement. The Mesozoic fracture structures correspond basically to modern large rivers in direction. Such faults were usually developed to rift and formed lake-type tectonic basin, such as the Amrokgang-, Taedonggang-, Ryesonggang-, Hochongang-, Jangphari-, Susongchon-, Pujon-, and Nampho basins. The Mesozoic strata are considered to be divided into the Lower Jurassic Taedong System, Upper Jurassic Jasong System, Upper Jurassic－early Lower Cretaceous Taebo System, and the Upper Cretaceous－Paleocene (Chonjaebong, Hongwon, Jaedok Series) . The Cenozoic block movement succeeded the Mesozoic fault block movement. The Kilju-Myonchon Graben and Tumangang Basin, etc, are the basins related to the fault zones developed from the Oligocene to Miocene. In addition, the Tertiary basins were formed in many areas in the Miocene ( e. g. Sinhung, Oro, Hamhung, Yonghung, Anbyon, Cholwon, etc) . The Cenozoic sedimentation occurred mainly from the late Oligocene to Miocene. The Kilju-Myongchon Graben was the fore deep connected to the sea and the basins inclined in the Chugaryong Fault Zone are intramountain basins. Therefore, coal-bearing beds and clastic rocks in the intramountain basins and rare marine strata and terrigenous clastic rocks are main sedimentary sequences in the Cenozoic.

According to topography of Yemen, most areas and villages are located at obligated crest, toe of mountain and under cliffs. Therefore Al-Huwayshah consisting of Tawilah sandstone group is characterized by steep slope reach to 90°in some areas. This area is affected by strong tectonic movements and faults that occurred during the geological epochs. This effect enhances to find out fractures and joints aswell as the rocks become brittle and ready to slide depending on the position of area. And there are some fractures and joints on the surface of the areas due to tectonic movement associated with opening the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. The rainfalls, fractures, joints, earthquakes, gravity, vegetations, temperatures and human activities play a big role in the processes of rockfalls and landslides in this area. All those factors are considered as the basic causes and catalyzed factors for occurrence of rockfall in the studide area. In addition, the authors carried out laboratory test for many rock samples to get the physical properties of the rocks.

Linear and circular interpretation structure maps of different relative depths are obtained by processing 1: 200000 aeromagnetic data to the pole in Ailaoshan region, interpreting upward extension of 4 heights, extracting a vertical second derivative line of 0 value and a series of calculations. Concealed boundary of deep magnetic rocks can be delineated according to the maps. On the basis of the conclusions above, a set of economical and practical methods to graph the deep structure are summarized. In addition, the relationship between deep structure and mineralization positions is discussed.

Usually the water head of the pumped storage hydro-plant is high, generally up to 400-500 m, therefore the rock mass under the high-pressure bifurcation pipe have to bear as high as millions Pascal water pressure, in according with the requirements of high water head pumped storage hydro-plant should be 1.2 times of the water head special high-pressure packer permeability test compared with normal to test the permeability of rock and rock cleavage pressure value. The test results on the choice of design options often play a decisive role. Based on the engineering practice, the authors studied the drillhole high-pressure packer permeability test in the pumped storage hydro-plant's underground powerhouse, by the analysis of test results, this article offers a demonstration of the deformation of rock fracture witch under building in the condition of high-pressure water head, it provides a more detailed engineering geological background.

Abundant dinosaur remains have been discovered from the Heilongjiang/Amur area for over one hundred years. Among these discoveries, an isolated small theropod tooth recently found from the lower part of the Yuliangzi Formation of Jiayin displays highly distinctive morphological features. It can be identified as a Troodon-morphotype tooth based on mesiodistal constriction at the base of the crown and large, hook-like denticles extending the entire length of both carinae. Previously, Troodon remains were mainly found in North America. Some isolated Troodon teeth were also discovered in Blagoveschensk and Kundur localities on the left bank of the Heilongjiang river. This specimen represents the first occurrence of Troodon-morphotype tooth in Jiayin, Heilongjiang, Northeast China. The presence of this taxon in Jiayin, Blagoveschensk and Kundur localities in the Heilongjiang area provides new evidence for faunal exchange between North America and Asia through Cretaceous Beringia.

The technical characteristics and operational principal of the reverse circulation DTH hammer drilling technology is integrated introduced in this paper． Using simulation technology to assist the drilling tool design， the optimum designed DTH hammer gets stable performance，and the bit has reverse circulation ability，and further more，it has already developed serial products． The reverse circulation DTH hammer drilling technique has been fully applied in field such as the geological core exploration in complex strata，water well drilling，and large diameter rock embedding piles drilling in hard rock，and obviously，it is achieved favorable economic and social benefits．

Based on the study of the cold phase of the Pacific Decade Oscillation, pandemic influenza is related to climate. The relation of low temperature, Pacific Decade Oscillation, strongest earthquake, Influenza, hurricane and El Nino is researched in this study. In the cold period of Pacific Decade Oscillation, the strongest earthquake, hurricane with La Nina, Pandemic Influenza with El Nino will occur stronger and stronger. From 1950 to 1976, the strongest dust-storm is connected with Pandemic Influenza one by one. So, dust-storm is one of factors to sp read pandemic influenza viruses.

The Kungurian-Capitanian ( Permian) Zhesi branchiopod fauna is mainly composed of cold-water typed taxa with high diversity and abundance． This fauna is similar with the coeval brachiopod faunas from Timan- Pechora，Svalbard，and Queen Elizabeth Islands of the Boreal Realm，with no real“warm-water”species． Zhesi brachiopod fauna is a cold-water fauna and should be assigned to the Boreal Realm． Considering the paleogeographic characteristics of this fauna and the basic rationale of paleobiogeographic provinces being controlled by latitude-temperate，and that the above areas were located at 50°N － 70°N in the global paleoclimate reconstruction map compiled by Boucot et al． ，the paleo-latitude of the southern margin of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block，where developed the Zhesi brachiopod fauna，is suggested ranging from 40°N to 60°N． Zhesi brachiopod fauna is an endemic fauna，containing more than 75% endemic species and self-grouped as a biogeographic province，termed Inner Mongolia Province． These characteristics indicate that this area was closed or semiclosed at that time． On the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block，the Herlen-Jiamusi Old-land as an obvious“continental barrier”hindered the northward migration of the Zhesi brachiopod fauna and the immigration of brachiopod species from other areas． The Tarim plate has collided with the Kazakhstan plate and the western part of South Tianshan-Beishan-Xar Moron Ocean has been closed． At the same time，the western margin of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block was joined with the Tarim plate． The Xar Moron Ocean in south of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block was wide enough and the ocean temperature rose gradually southward，so that it is not suitable for the cold-water brachiopods to survive and thrive on the northern margin of the North China plate． Thus，the ocean with large width and high temperature formed another natural barrier for the southward migration of the cold-water brachiopods．

At present, the mechanism research on glacial lake outburst mainly focuses on the ice quake and ice landslide, etc. To some glacial lakes, the seepage deformation is the dominant factor in outburst process. Taking the Yindapu Glacial Lake in Tibet as an example, using SEEP/W module of FEM software ( GEO-STUDIO) , the authors analyzed seepage stability of terminalmoraine ridge dam. The leading role of seepage deformation in some glacial lake outburst mechanism is proposed and proved.

The finite element method was used for analysis of raft foundation design in high-rise building. Compared with other conventional methods, this method is more adapted to the practical condition since both superstructure stiffness and soil conditions were considered in calculation. The calculation results by example show that the base reaction is more uniform and the maximum reaction decreases obviously. Accordingly, the raft foundation design is more economic without any loss of security for high-rise building.

It was conducted the comparison of palynological assemblages of the Middle Tsagayan，Upper Tsagayan subformations，Furao and Wuyun formations from Zeya-Bureya Basin of Amur ( Heilongjiang) River region with assemblages obtained from the marine deposits of Northeast Russia，Sakhalin，Kuril，and Hokkaido Islands，dated by ammonites，foraminifers and other invertebrates． Based on detail correlation，the geological age of the terrestrial beds was defined． The guide fossils are recognized Marsypiletes cretacea，Tricolpites variexinus， Aquilapollenites conatus，A． stelkii，A． rombicus，Integricorpus bellum，Pseudointegricorpus clarireticulatus， Triprojectus amoenus，Orbiculapollis lucidus，Wodehouseia aspera，Quercoidites minor，which had last occurrence in the late Maastrichtian． The Danian palynofloras usually are dominated by Triatriopollenites plicoides and T． confusus． The species Anacolosidites subtrudens，Aquilapollenites proceros，A． spinulosus have last occurrence in the Danian． The K-T ( K-Pg) boundary in the terrestrial deposits is defined in the base of the Upper Tsagayan Subformation and the base of the lower part of the Wuyun Formation． The latter is represented by aleuropelite to fine-grained sandstones． The change of taxonomical composition of palynospectra in similar environments could be determined by real change of flora at the Mesozoic and Cenozoic boundary，but not by changes of lithological facies or depositional environment，generally．

Over the recent three decades, exploration of a large-size Sn-Fe polymetallic ore deposit at the Huanggangliang, the Da Hinggan Mountains, Inner Mongolia, China, has been largely focused on the premise that the mineralization represents epigenetic magmatic hydrothermal ore deposit in genetic connection with the Mesozoic magmatism. The Huanggangliang Sn-Fe polymetallic ore deposits occurred in Permian strata, with silt-stone /marble of the Zhesi Formation and spilite / andesite / tuff of the Dashizhai Formation. The characteristics of geological and geochemical data demonstrated that sedimentary hydrothermal mineralization occurred during the basin evolution at the Permian, rather than representing epigenetic magmatic hydrothermal genesiswith the following evidences. The ore-bearing skarns are stratiform with underlying metasedimentary rocks and overlying volcanic sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary hydrothermal textures and structures are observed in the stratabound ore-bearing skarn such as bedded-laminated skarn and magnetite ores with small-size folding or soft deformation, synsedimentary breccia of skarn and magnetite ores and concentric shell structure ofmagnetite ores. So the stratabound ore-bearing skarns associated with magnetite ore and micro-disseminated tin, are peculiar examp les of exhalite. The REE contents of the stratabound ore-bearing skarns display ΣLREE-rich ( 36.91 ×10^-6 ) but ΣHREE-depletion (6.42 ×10^-6 ) , with positive Eu anomaly ( Eu / Eu* 1.28) and negative Ce anomaly (Ce / Ce * 0.88) , which is totally different from REE pattern of the Huanggang magmatic rocks(with ΣREE 277.73 ×10^-6 , ΣLREE 220.24 ×10^-6 , ΣHREE 57.49 ×10^-6 , Eu /Eu * 0.06, Ce / Ce * 1.52) , which is comparable with modern sea-floor hydrothermal fluid, sedimentary hydrothermal ore deposit and associated hydrothermal sedimentary rocks. Calcite samples with δ¹³ C_PDB from -5.400 ‰ to -4.397 ‰ and δ¹⁸O_SMOW from 9.095 ‰ to 9.364 ‰ in the stratabound ore-bearing skarns show sedimentary hydrothermal genesis of the Huanggangliang deposit. This proposition is useful not only for interpretation of the genesis of the Huanggangliang large Sn-Fe polymetallic ore deposit but also significant formineral exploration in the area especially for finding large deposits caused by sedimentary exhalative mineralization processes.

There are eighty sedimentary basins in five different types in African continent, i. e. craton sag basin, foreland basin, intermountain basin, passive margin basin and rift basin, which underwent the stress environment of stable depression-compression-extension. The first three types of basins had been intensely influenced by Hercynian and Alpine tectonic movement, while the later two types of basins always exist in a stable extension environment. Different basin evolution caused the obviously hydrocarbon distribution difference. In North Africa, marginal craton sag and rift basins show great expedition potential of hydrocarbon, marginal craton sag basins had good formation and preservation of Lower Silurian hot shale, tectonic-strata traps and migration pathway formed by Hercynian unconformity, and rift basins had excellent Upper Cretaceous marine source rocks and good hydrocarbon preservation with little tectonic activity. Meanwhile, in the salt-containing passive margin basins and delta basins of West Africa, thick strata containing high quality source rocks and plastic strata were well developed. Source rocks of high maturity, good hydrocarbon preservation, growth faults and deformational structure traps were formed by abundant overlying sediments and sources supplied from Tertiary large water system.

Currently，with the fast development of GPS technique，GPS RTK is rapidly being applied to the cadastral survey． GPS RTK technique not only improves efficiency and accelerates the rate of mapping，but also increases economic efficiency． The authors introduced a method for GPS RTK rapid positioning，which uses continuous operational reference system ( CORS) as a base station to change the method of previous map drawing by obtaining real-time three-dimensional coordinates of boundary points and statistically analyzing with the three-dimensional coordinates obtained by Total Station to get the accuracy of GPS RTK real-time coordinates． The application of GPS RTK in practical measurement was discussed when the data link had been lost especially． The results show that the three-dimensional coordinates measured by total station can be replaced by realtime three-dimensional coordinates measured by Engineering Star RTK in the CORS．