Transient Rayleigh wave detection is a high-precision nondestructive detection method. At present, it has been widely used in shallow exploration, but rarely used in tunnel lining quality detection. Through the tunnel lining physical model experiment, the layout defects of the double-layer reinforcement lining area were detected and the Rayleigh wave velocity pro?le and dispersion curve were analyzed after data processing, which ?nally veri?ed the feasibility and accuracy of Rayleigh wave method in detecting the tunnel lining void area. The results show that the method is not a?ected by the reinforcement inside the lining, the shallow detection is less disturbed and the accuracy is higher, and the data will ?uctuate slightly with the deepening of the detection depth. At the same time, this method responds quite accurately to the thickness of the concrete, allowing for the assessment of the tunnel lining’s lack of compactness. This method has high e?ciency, good reliability, and simple data processing, and is suitable for nondestructive detection of internal defects of tunnel lining structure.