Global Geology    2019 22 (4): 217-241   ISSN: 1673-9736  CN: 22-1371/P   The use of charcoal to interpret Cretaceous wildfires and volcanic activity Andrew C. Scott Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK 收稿日期 2019-10-10  修回日期 2019-10-26  网络版发布日期 null 参考文献  Abu Hamad A M B, Amireh B, El Atfy H, et al.2016. Fire in aWeichselia-dominated coastal ecosystem from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of the Kurnub Group in NW Jordan. Cretaceous Research,66:82-93. Alvin K L. 1974. Leaf anatomy ofWeichselia based on fusainized material.Palaeontology,17:587-598. Baker S J, Belcher C M, Barclay R S, et al. 2019. CO2-induced climate forcing on the fire record during the initiation of Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2.Geological Society of America Bulletin,https://doi.org/10.1130/B35097.1 Barral A, Gomez B, Zorrilla J M, et al. 2016. Local-scale analysis of plant community from the Early Cretaceous riparian ecosystem of Hautrage, Belgium.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,443, 107-122 Belcher C M, Collinson M E, Scott A C. 2005. Constraints on the thermal energy released from the Chicxulub impactor:New evidence from multi-method charcoal analysis.Journal of the Geological Society, London,162:591-602. Belcher C M, Collinson M E, Scott A C. 2013. A 450 million year record of fire//Belcher C M.(eds). Fire phenomena in the earth system-an interdisciplinary approach to fire science. Manhattan:John Wiley and Sons, 229-249. Belcher C M, Collinson M E, Sweet A R,et al. 2003. Fireball passes and nothing burns-the role of thermal radiation in the Cretaceous-Tertiary event:evidence from the charcoal record of North America.Geology,31:1061-1064. Belcher C M, Finch P, Collinson M E. 2009. Geochemical evidence for combustion of hydrocarbons during the K-T impact event.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,106:4112-4117. Belcher C M, Hadden R M, Rein G,et al.2015. An experimental assessment of the ignition of forest fuels by the thermal pulse generated by the Cretaceous-Palaeogene impact at Chicxulub.Journal of the Geological Society,172:175-185. Belcher C M, Hudspith V A. 2017. Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behavior influenced the spread of early angiosperms.New Phytologist,213:1521-1532. Bergman N M, Lenton T M, Watson A J. 2004. COPSE:a new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time.American Journal of Science,304:397-437 Berner R A. 2009. Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen:new results using the GEOCARBSULF model.American Journal of Science,309:603-606 Berner R A, Beerling D J, Dudley R, et al. 2003. Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,31:105-134. Bond W J, Keeley J E. 2005. Fire as global ‘herbivore’:the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,20:387-394. Bond W J, Scott A C. 2010. Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous.New Phytologist,118:1137-1150. Boslough M, Nicoll K, Holliday V, et al. 2012. Arguments and evidence against a Younger Dryas Impact Event//Giosan L D Q, Fuller K, Nicoll R. (eds). Climates, landscapes and civilizations, geophysical monograph series. Washington DC:13-26. Bowman D M J S, Balch J K, Artaxo P,et al.2009. Fire in the earth system.Science,324:481-484. Brown S A E, Collinson M E, Scott A C. 2013. Did fire play a role in formation of dinosaur-rich deposits? An example from the Late Cretaceous of Canada.Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments,93:317-326. Brown S A E, Scott A C, Glasspool I, et al. 2012. Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the earth system.Cretaceous Research,36:162-190. Carpenter R J, Macphail M K, Jordan G J,et al. 2015. Fossil evidence for open, Proteaceae-dominated heathlands and fire in the Late Cretaceous of Australia.American Journal of Botany,102:2092-2107. Collinson M E, Featherstone C, Cripps J A,et al. 1999. Charcoal-rich plant debris accumulations in the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, England.Acta Palaeobotanica,2:93-105. Crisp M D, Burrows G E, Cook L G,et al. 2011. Flammable biomes dominated by eucalypts originated at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary.Nature Communications,2:1-8. Dos Santos A C S, Holanda E C,et al. 2016. Evidence of palaeowildfire from the upper Lower Cretaceous (Serra do Tucano Formation, Aptian-Albian) of Roraima (North Brazil). Cretaceous Research,57:46-49. El Atfy H A, Sallam H, Jasper A,et al.2016. The first evidence of palaeo-wildfire from the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of North Africa.Cretaceous Research,57:306-310. Evans D C, Eberth D A, Ryan M J. 2015. Hadrosaurid (Edmontosaurus) bonebeds from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Horsethief Member) at Drumheller, Alberta, Canada:geology, preliminary taphonomy, and significance.Canadain Journal of Earth Science,52:642-654. Falcon-Lang H J, Fensome R A, Gibling M R C,et al.2007. Karst-related outliers of the Cretaceous Chaswood Formation of Maritime Canada.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,44:619-642. Falcon-Lang H J, Wheeler E, Baas P, et al.2013 A diverse charcoalified assemblage of Cretaceous (Santonian) angiosperm woods from Upatoi Creek, Georgia, USA. Part 1:wood types with scalariform perforation plates.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,184:49-73. Falcon-Lang H J, Kva?ek J, Ulicny D, et al. 2001. Fire-prone plant communities and palaeoclimate of a Late Cretaceous fluvial to estuarine environment, Pecínov quarry, Czech Republic.Geological Magazine,138:563-576. Falcon-Lang H J, Mages V, Collinson M. 2016. The oldest Pinus and its preservation by fire.Geology,44:303-306. Finklestein D B, Pratt L M, Curtin T M,et al.2005. Wildfires and seasonal aridity recorded in Late Cretaceous strata from south-eastern Arizona, USA.Sedimentology,52:587-599. Friis E M, Crane P R, Pedersen K R. 2011. Early flowers and angiosperm evolution. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 585. Friis E M, Pedersen K R, Crane P R. 2006. Cretaceous angiosperm flowers:innovation and evolution in plant reproduction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,232:251-293. Friis E M, Scarby A. 1981. Structurally preserved angiosperm flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Sweden.Nature,291:484-486. Glasspool I J, Scott A C. 2010. Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal.Nature Geoscience,3:627-630. Glasspool I J, Scott A C. 2013. Identifying past fire events//Belcher C M. (ed). Fire phenomena in the earth system-an interdisciplinary approach to fire science. Manhattan:John Wiley and Sons, 179-206. Gomez B, Gillot T, Daviero-Gomez V,et al. 2008. Paleoflora from Wealden facies strata of Belgium:Mega-and meso-fossils of Hautrage (Mons Basin). Memoirs of the Geological Survey,55:53-60. Gomez B, Gillot T, Daviero-Gomez V,et al.2012. Mesofossil plant remains from the Barremian of Hautrage (Mons basin, Belgium) with taphonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeoenvironment insights Chapter 10//Godefroit P. (ed.).Bernissart dinosaurs and early terrestrial ecosystems series:life of the past. Bloomington:Indiana University Press, 97-112. Harris T M. 1981. Burnt ferns from the English Wealden.Proceedings of the Geologists' Association,92:47-58. He T, Lamont B B, Downes K S. 2011.Banksia born to burn. New Phytologist,191:184-196. He T, Lamont B B, Manning J. 2016a. A Cretaceous origin for fire adaptations in the Cape flora. Scientific Reports 6:34880. doi:10.1038/srep34880 He T, Lamont B B, Pausas J G. 2019. Fire as a key driver of earth's biodiversity.Biological Reviews, He T, Belcher C M, Lamont B B,et al. 2016b. A 350-million-year legacy of fire adaptation among conifers.Journal of Ecology,104:352-363 He T, Pausas J G, Belcher C M,et al. 2012. Fire-adapted traits ofPinus arose in the fiery Cretaceous.New Phytologist,194:751-759. Herendeen P S, Magallon-Puebla S, Lupia R,et al. 1999. A preliminary conspectus of the Allon flora from the Late Cretaceous (Late Santonian) of the central Georgia, USA. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,86:407-471. Holliday V T, Bartlein P J, Scott A C,et al. 2019. Discussion of Wolbachet al. "Extraordinary biomass-burning episode and impact winter triggered by the Younger Dryas cosmic impact~12,800 years ago, Parts 1and 2".Journal of Geology, (in press) Hudspith V A, Scott A C, Wilson C J N,et al.2010. Charring of woods by volcanic processes:an example from the Taupo Ignimbrite, New Zealand.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,291:40-51. Jiang B Y, Fursich F T, Sha J G,et al.2011. Early Cretaceous volcanism and its impact on fossil preservation in Western Liaoning, NE China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,302:255-269. Lamont B B, He T. 2012. Fire-adapted Gondwanan angiosperm floras evolved in the Cretaceous.BMC Evolutionary Biology,12:223. Lamont B B, He T, Yan Z G. 2019. Fire as a pre-emptive trigger among seed plants.Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics,36:13-23. Lamont B B, He T, Yan Z G, 2019. Evolutionary history of fire-stimulated resprouting, flowering, seed release and germination.Biological Review, 903-928. Lenton T M, Daines S J, Mills B J W. 2018. COPSE reloaded:an improved model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time.Earth-Science Reviews,178:1-28. Lima F J, Pires E F, André Jasper A,et al.2019 Fire in the paradise:evidence of repeated palaeo-wildfires from the Araripe Fossil Lagerstaette (Araripe Basin, Aptian-Albian), Northeast Brazil.Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments,99:367-378. McParland L C, Collinson M E, Scott A C,et al. 2009. The use of reflectance values for the interpretation of natural and anthropogenic charcoal assemblages.Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences,1:249-261. Manfroi J, Dutra T L, Gnaedinger S,et al. 2015. The first report of a Campanian palaeo-wildfire in the West Antarctic Peninsula.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,418:12-18. Martill D M, Loveridge R F, Mohr B A R,et al. 2012. A wildfire origin for terrestrial organic debris in the Cretaceous Santana Formation Fossil Lagerstaette (Araripe Basin) of northeast Brazil.Cretaceous Research,34:135-141. Mays C, Cantrill D J, 2018.Protodammara reimatamoriori, a new species of conifer (Cupressaceae) from the Upper Cretaceous Tupuangi Formation, Chatham Islands, Zealandia.Alcheringa,43:114-126. Mays C, Cantrill D J, Bevitt J J. 2017. Polar wildfires and conifer serotiny during the Cretaceous global Hothouse.Geology,45:1119-1122. Mohabey D M, Bandana S, Kumar D,et al. 2018. Record of charcoal from early intertrappean lake sediments of Bagh valley of Madhya Pradesh:palaeofire proxy. Current Science,114:1540-1544. Muir R A, Bordy E M, Prevec R. 2015. Lower Cretaceous deposit reveals first evidence of a post-wildfire debris flow in the Kirkwood Formation, Algoa Basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa.Cretaceous Research,56:161-179. Nichols G J, Cripps J A, Collinson E M,et al.2000. Experiments in waterlogging and sedimentology of charcoal:results and implications.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,164:43-56. Noorbergen L J, Abels H A, Hilgen F J,et al.2018. Conceptial models for short-eccentricity-scale climate control on peat formation in a lower Palaeocene fluvial system, north-eastern Montana (USA).Sedimentology,65:775-808. Pausas J G, Keeley J E. 2009. A burning story:the role of fire in the history of life.Bioscience,59:593-601. Parejas C S, Druitt T H, Robin C,et al.2010. The Holocene Pucn eruption of Volcan Villarrica, Chile:deposit architecture and eruption chronology.Bulletin of Volcanology,72:677-692. Pinter N, Scott A C, Daulton T L,et al.2011. The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis:a requiem.Earth Science Reviews,106:247-264. Pole M, Phillippe M. 2010. Cretaceous plant fossils of Pitt Island, the Chatham Group, New Zealand.Alcheringa,34:231-263. Pole M, Wang Y D, Bugdaeva E V,et al.2016. The rise and demise of Podozamites in east Asia-n extinct conifer life style.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,464:97-109. Rogers C S, Hone D W E, McNamara M E,et al. 2015. The Chinese Pompei? Death and destruction of dinosaurs in the Early Cretaceous of Lujiatun, N E China.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,427:89-99. Scott A C. 2000. The Pre-Quaternary history of fire.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,164:281-329. Scott A C. 2001. Preservation by fire//Briggs D E G, Crowther P R. (eds.). Palaeobiology II. Oxford:Blackwell Science, 277-280. Scott A C.2009. Forest fire in the fossil record//Cerdà A, Robichaud P. (eds.). Fire effects on soils and restoration strategies. New Hampshire:Science Publishers Inc, 1-37. Scott A C. 2010. Charcoal recognition, taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,291:11-39. Scott A C. 2018. Burning planet//The story of fire through time. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1-231 Scott A C, Bowman D J, Bond W J,et al.2014. Fire on earth:an introduction. Manhattan:John Wiley and Sons, 413. Scott A C, Cripps J, Nichols G,et al. 2000a. The taphonomy of charcoal following a recent heathland fire and some implications for the interpretation of fossil charcoal deposits.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,164:1-31. Scott A C, Glasspool I J. 2005. Charcoal reflectance as a proxy for the emplacement temperature of pyroclastic flow deposits.Geology,33:589-592. Scott A C, Hardiman M, Pinter N P,et al. 2017. Interpreting palaeofire evidence from fluvial sediments:a case study from Santa Rosa Island, California with implications for the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis.Journal of Quaternary Science,32:35-47. Scott A C, Lomax B H, Collinson M E,et al.2000b. Fire across the K/T boundary:initial results from the Sugarite Coal, New Mexico, USA.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,164:381-395. Scott A C, Pinter N, Collinson M E,et al.2010. Fungus, not comet or catastrophe, accounts for carbonaceous spherules in the Younger Dryas "impact layer".Geophysical Research Letters,37:L14302. Scott A C, Sparks R S J, Bull I D,et al.2008. Temperature proxy data and their significance for the understanding of pyroclastic density currents.Geology,36:143-146. Scott A C, Stea R. 2002. Fires sweep across the Mid-Cretaceous landscape of Nova Scotia.Geoscientist,12:4-6. Sender L M, Villanueva-Amadoz U, Pons D,et al. 2015 Singular taphonomic record of a wildfire event from middle Albian deposits of Escucha Formation in northeastern of Spain.Historical Biology,27(3/4):442-452. Takahashi M, Crane, P R, Ando H; 1999a. Fossil flowers and associated plant fossils from the Kamikitaba locality (Ashizawa Formation, Futaba Group, Lower Coniacian, Upper Cretaceous) of Northeast Japan.Journal of Plant Research,112:187-206. Tosolinia A P, Korasidisa V A, Wagstaff B E,et al.2018. Palaeoenvironments and palaeocommunities from Lower Cretaceous highlatitude sites, Otway Basin, southeastern Australia.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,496:62-84. Uhl D, Jasper A, Kraemer M M S,et al. 2019. Charred biota from an Early Cretaceous fissure fill in W-Germany and their palaeoenvironmental implications.Neus Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen,293:83-105. Villanueva-Amadoz U, Sender L M, Alcalá L,et al. 2015. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an Albian plant community from the Ariňo bonebed layer (Iberian Chain, NE Spain).Historical Biology,27(3/4):430-441. Wang S, Shao L Y, Yan Z M,et al. 2019. Characteristics of Early Cretaceous wildfires in peat-forming environment, NE China.Journal of Paleogeography,8:7. Wolbach W S, Gilmour I, Anders E. 1990. Major wildfires at the K-T boundary.Geological Society of America Special Paper,247:391-400. Zhang M Z, Dai S, Du B X,et al. 2018. Mid-Cretaceous hothouse climate and the expansion of early angiosperms. Acta Geologica Sinica,92:2004-2025. Zhou Z H, Barrett P M, Hilton J. 2003. An exceptionally preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem.Nature,421:807-814. 通讯作者: Andrew C. Scott