On the basis of chemical soaking and sieving analysis, a large number of microfossils were found from the mudstones and shales of Neoproterozoic Longshan Formaton in Yanshan region, comprising of Leiosphaeridia, Trachysphaeridium, Satka, Favososphaeridium, Tanarium, Siphonophycus, Oscillatoriopsis, Laminarites and so on. The fossil assemblage is characterized by:(1) dominance of monosphaeritae and polysphaeritae, with complex sculptures; (2) occurrence of a lot of small sized acanthophorous acritarchs; (3) existence of metaphytes. The new material enriches the microfossil assemblage of the Longshan Formaiton, and provides more evidence for regional stratigraphic correlation.

Through the study of the leaf cuticles of Ginkgo obrutschewii Seward in the Middle Jurassic strata of Baiyanghe where the holotype fossil was yielded, and its neighboring areas in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China, the author suggests that the specimens from the Baiyanghe, the holotype fossil locality, are the base for recognizing the leaf cuticular characters of the taxon. Despite of some variations in its leaf shape and cuticular characters, integrating all the available information, the general features of the leaf cuticular characters of this taxon have been recognized as follows:the cuticles basically hypostomatic, ordinary epidermal cells usually cutinized and bearing less prominent cuticular dome and gentle smaller papillae in periclinal walls, and the anticlinal walls usually straight or uneven less sinuous. Stomata haplocheilic, the guard cells usually cutinized in lip-form surrounding the stomatal aperture, and subsidiary cells usually cutinized with lumps. However, the collecting and studying work of the holotype and topetype fossils of this taxon are not enough, further study on the leaf cuticular features of Ginkgo obrutschewii is still needed. In addition, further discussions are needed on the rationality of the identification of this taxon from the Fuhai of northern Xinjiang reported by Nosova et al. (2011).

The authors studied the zircon U-Pb geochronogy,Lu-Hf isotopic compositions and whole-rock major and trace element data for Late Mesozoic granitiods in the Wuchagou area of the central Great Xing'an Range, NE China. The zircon U-Pb dating shows that the granitiods were formed in Early Cretaceous, ranging from 134 to 127 Ma in age. Geochemically, the granitiods are characterized by high silica (SiO₂=65.21%~78.43%) and total alkali concentrations (K₂O+Na₂O=6.77%~9.66%),but low concentrations of CaO (0.10%~2.55%) and MgO(0.07%~1.30%). They are also enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (e.g. Rb, Th, U) and depleted in high field elements (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti, and P), indicating that they can genetically be ascribed to high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites. The positive ε_Hf(t) values (+4.9 to +8.4) of the Early Cretaceous granites and their corresponding Hf two-stage model ages of 654 Ma to 874 Ma indicate that the parental magma was derived from partial melting of Neoproterozioc juvenile crustal material. Combining with the regional research data, the authors considered that the formation of Early Cretaceous granites in the Wuchagou area was related to the subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate.

To determine the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Late Paleozoic granitoids in Great Xing'an Range, NE China, the authors undertook zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical analysis on samples from monzogranites in Yaergenchu area. Zircon U-Pb age dating indicates that the monzogranites in the studied area were emplaced in the Late Carboniferous (312±2 Ma). The monzogranites contain high SiO₂ (75.16%~75.32%) and Na₂O+K₂O (8.45%~8.76%), but low MgO (0.12%~0.14%). Moreover, the samples are characterized by the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, Th, U, K) and light rare earth elements, but depletion of Nb, Ta, Ti and P, with ε_<sub>Hf(t) values of +3.5 to +9.5 and Hf two-stage model ages of 1 103~715 Ma, indicating that the parental magma was derived from partial melting of juvenile crustal material. Integrating the geochronological data, geochemical features and regional geological observations, it is suggested that the formation of Late Carboniferous monzogranites in the studied area was related to the subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic plate beneath the Xing'an terrane.

Petrographically, the volcanic rocks in Manketouebo Formation from keyihe area northern Da Hinggan Mountains are mainly composed of rhyolitic and dacitic volcanic rocks. The TAS diagram displays that they are rhyolite. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results show that they formed at 139±2Ma. The volcanic rocks, which are rich in SiO₂ and alkalis, belong to high K Calc alkaline series. They are low in total rare earth elements(ΣREE=137.34×10^-6~191.18×10^-6), whilst highly fractionated LREE from HREE ((La/Yb)_N=12.57~22.25),with moderately negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.40~0.72). They are characterized by the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements(such as Rb,Th and U) and LREE, and deplection of high field strength elements(such as Nb, Ta, P, and Ti). The average value of Sr is 115×10^-6, Yb is 1.70×10^-6, Y/Yb is 9.46, (Ho/Yb)_N is 1.04, with negative Eu indicating that the magmas of these volcanic rocks are derived from partial melting of the granulite fracies of thickened lower crust. Integrating regional geology, it is suggested that the formation of the volcanic rocks were related to the crustal thickening during the closure of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.

Petrography, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry were carried out for the granitic pegmatite in the south of Shoushan in Xingcheng to explore the formation age, its relationship with the Neoarchean granite in Suizhong area, and its tectonic setting. Dating results reveal that the pegmatite were formed at (2 486±8)Ma(NSWD=3.1). CL images of zircon morphology and characteristics of trace elements indicate that zircon pegmatite belongs to magmatic origin but later suffered hydrothermal alteration. Compared with biotite granite of Suizhong granite,the pegmatite shows similarities in major elements,trace elements and rare elements. The samples are characterized by high silica (SiO₂=77.28%~77.9%), rich alkali (K₂O+Na₂O=5.5%~5.69%),and are peraluminous (A/CNK=2.53~2.54). The SiO₂-K₂O discrimination diagrams indicate that the granite pegmatie belongs to shoshonite series. They have low rare elements contents(ΣREE=33.1×10^-6~41.01×10^-6). Chondrite normalized REE patterns reveal that the samples are relatively rich in light REE but depleted in HREE. (La/Yb)_N=16.33~32.41,average is 24.37%. δEu=0.92~1.11, representing none anomalies or slightly positive anomalies. The geochemical characteristics suggest that the pegmatite is related to the evolution of the biotite monzogranite.Combining with previous research results of Hf isotopic, the pegmatite and its parent rock are related to the bottom pad effect.

On the basis of detailed field geological survey, the authors undertook petrographic and geochemical analysis of the amphibolites in Lieryu Formation of lower South Liaohe Group. Petrographic studies show that the amphibolites in Lieryu Formation are orthometamorphite. Geochemical data indicates that the amphibolites belong to high Fe tholeiitic series (Nb/Y=0.16~0.40), with the content of SiO₂ of 47.27%~50.68%, and low TiO₂ content of 0.92%~1.61%. They are depleted in high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf, indicating that their original rocks were formed in an island arc or active continental margin, rather than the continental rift defined by previous studies. Integrating petrographic and geochemical characteristics, it is preliminarily concluded that the petrogenesis is related to the active continental margin.

In this study, the authors present new zircon U-Pb age and whole-rock major and trace element data for the Niubiziliang granodiorite in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating demonstrates that the concordant age and the corresponding weighted mean age of the granodiorite are 393.2~395.6 Ma and (394.4±2.4)Ma, respectively, indicating that the intrusion occurred in the Middle Devonian. The granodiorites are characterized by high SiO₂ (65.70%~69.22%) and Al₂O₃ (14.96%~16.03%), but low MgO (1.37%~1.89%), the rocks fall into the calc-alkaline and metaluminous series with the A/CNK values of 0.95~0.98, being of the characteristics of I-type granite, suggesting that the primary magmas of granodiorites were derived from partial melting of the lower crust. They have high rare elements contents, without obvious Eu anomalies(δEu=0.95~1.30). They are enriched in LREEs and large ion lithophile elements (e.g. K, Rb, Ba and U), depleted in HREEs and high field strength elements (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti, Th and Zr).Meanwhile, the granodiorites are similar to the post-collision granite geochemically. Integrating the continental volcanic rocks of Maoniushan Formation in the Late Devonian and regional tectonic evolution, we conclude that the granodiorite intrusion was formed in the extensional setting after the collision between the Qaidam block and Southern Qilian block.

The Weilasituo deposit is mainly hosted in southern Great Hinggan Mountain metallogenic belt. The intrusive rocks exposed in the study area are mainly quartz diorite, granodiorite and alkali granite.Ore bodies are strictly controlled by fracture structures, which is an important character of the hydrothermal vein type lead-zinc deposit.The mineralization can be divided into Ⅰ, Ⅱ,Ⅲ stages, characterized by assemblages of quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrite, quartz-polymetallic sulfide and quartz-carbonate, respectively. Systematic study on fluid inclusions reveals that there existed three types of primary fluid inclusions in the ores, which were two-phase aqueous, CH₄ rich and CH₄-CO₂ bearing fluid inclusions. All the three types of fluid inclusions were developed in stage Ⅰ. The primary fluid inclusions in stage Ⅱ were mainly composed of two-phase aqueous and CH₄-CO₂ bearing fluid inclusions, while only two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions were developed in stage Ⅲ. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in stage I ranged from 243.1℃ to 398.5℃, with salinities of 4.8%~12% NaCleqv. For stage Ⅱ, homogenization temperatures decreased to 190.0℃~331.1℃, salinities changed to 3.5%~9.1% NaCleqv, whereas for stage Ⅲ homogenization temperature was 180.0℃~240.0℃, with salinities of 3.7%~6.7% NaCleqv, indicating intermediate temperate and low salinity mineralizing liquids. The analytic results from Laser Laman Spectroscopy suggest that the gas phases are rich in CH₄, CO₂ and H₂O. The analytic results from H and O isotope indicate that the mineralizing fluids were derived from magmatic water mixing with meteoric water. The study of S isotope implies that the ore forming materials were from a deep source. Combining all the analytical results and regional setting, it is concluded that Weilasituo deposit was related to the Yanshanian magmatism, and was formed by the precipitation of mineralizing materials in the west-east trending "S" shape compression fault during the mixing of magmatic water and meteoric water.

In order to reveal the relationship between volcanic rocks and mineralization in the Erentaolegai silver deposit, the ore-hosting volcanic rocks were selected for systematic studies of zircon U-Pb geochronology and whole-rock geochemical analysis. The results show that (1) the ore-hosting trachyandesites yielded a zircon U-Pb age of (173.4±4.6)Ma, (2) the trachyandesites are characterized by the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements and depletion of high field strength elements with slightly negative Eu anomalies. Compared with the oceanic crust components, the ore-forming elements are characterized by strong depletion of V,Cr,Ni,Co,Mo and Cu elements,but enrichment in W,Bi and Pb elements,relative enrichment in Au,As,Sb and Te elements, with similar contents of Zn,Ag and B elements. In combination with previous studies, it is suggested that the volcanic rocks were formed at the early stage of mineralization. The magma of trachyandesites could be originated from the lithosophere mantle which had suffered fluid metasomatism. During the magma evolution, magma underwent slightly fractional crystallization(e.g.plagioclase) and continental crust contamination. The volcanic rocks were formed at the early stage of extensional environment after the convergence or collision among the North China plate, the Mongolian plate and the Siberia plate. Moreover, the volcanism at this episode did not provide the ore-forming fluid directly, the magmatism that provided the ore-forming fluid should be the quartz-monzonite porphyry magma in the Early Cretaceous (138 Ma).

Based on testing methods of ICP-AES and stable isotope mass spectrometry, the authors we analyzed the compositions of trace elements, carbon and oxygen isotopes of Permian carbonate rocks in Khorat Basin. Studies were also carried out on the palaeo-sedimentary environment and its significance for the development of carbonate source rocks in the studied area. The comprehensive examination of δ¹³C/δ¹⁸O, Sr/Ba, V/Ni, V/(V+Ni) results show that sedimentary environment in shallower slope sub-facies of the studied area is typically characterized by fresh-brackish water and weak oxidation-weak reduction environment. Deeper slope sub-facies located below the wave base is characterized by brackish-saline water, anoxic and reduction environment, which is favorable for the preservation of organic matter. Deeper slope sub-facies are confirmed to be more favorable for the development of carbonate source rocks in the studied area.

On the basis of secondary log interpretation and stratigraphic correlation,this study established core-logging facies model and mapped planar sedimentary microfacies of single sand layer. According to porosity,permeability and effective thickness parameters,and using H·K/φ as the main controlled parameter,four flow units(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ)were identified and their planar distributions were mapped by "Facies Control". Types ⅠandⅡ are efficient flow units,i.e. water-flooded units,whereas types Ⅲ and Ⅳ are inefficient flow units,i.e. potential remaining oil occurrence units. Based on flow units,remaining oil distribution area in channel and interchannel is determined. From this study,a new method is provided by accurate conventional data analysis of remaining oil distribution on high water cut stage of oil field.

On the basis of delicate stratigraphic correlation and detailed core analysis on the cored wells, this study have identified the main types of lithology and microfacies, established the identification template of logging microfacies, which were subsequently applied to other non-cored wells, and to the analysis of depositional system and microfacies distribution in a single layer. Member 2 of Shuangyang Formation in Area-C, Luxiang fault depression, Yitong Basin, is mainly composed of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone. Two subfacies of fan-delta front and fan-delta plain, and 14 types of microfacies were recognized, with correspondent identification template of logging-microfacies established. The logging template was applied to 37 wells in the study area to identify micrfacies. Analysis of the microfacies and depositional system distribution of Layer Ⅳ in Area-C show that it was deposited close to the provenance in the east, with channel extended from east to west. The channel sands showed stacking and diversion features.

Based on the comprehensive analysis of drilling, well logging, seismic and testing data, the distribution of depositional systems were established to pinpoint the characteristics of source-reservoir-cap and analyze the primary factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation in Shuangliao Fault Depression, and then the favorable exploration play was predicted. The results indicate that semi-deep lacustrine-fan delta-neritic subaqueous fan sedimentary system was developed in the Shahezi Formation, forming upper source-lower reservoir type of source-reservoir-cap assemblage combined with the volcanic rocks of Huoshiling Formation. The primary factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation of Shuangliao Fault Depression include volcanic doom structure, favorable supply of oil and gas, well-developed reservoirs in the volcanic doom structures, favorable assemblage of source-reservoir-cap and space-time configuration of accumulation factors. The volcanic doom structures of Sangshutai Bulge are the favorable target areas of oil and gas exploration in the future.

Integrating drilling, well-logging and seismic data, in this study, we established the stratigraphic-structural framework, restored the lithofacies distribution of main stratigraphic units, analyzed the source-reservoir-trap assemblage and predicted favorable exploration play in Yushu Fault Depression. The results showed that the Yushu Fault Depression consists of Yudong and Yuxi sub-depressions, of which both are half-grabens controlled by the echelon fault combination. The two sub-depressions are separated by the Yushu uplift in the middle and mirrored each other. The depressions are mainly composed of lacustrine-fan delta-nearshore subaqueous fan systems, with large scale volcanic explosive and effusive facies occurred in Huoshiling Formation. This forms self-sourcing and self-reservoiring, lower-sourcing and upper-reservoiring, upper-sourcing and lower-reservoiring assemblages. The volcanic domes belt of central uplift adjacent to the source rocks in the Yudong sub-depression is the favorable exploration play in the study area.

According to the oil reservoir characteristics of Wuxing structural belt in Luxiang Fault Depression, Yitong Basin, this study proposed a model of identifying logging lithology and a method of defining reservoir effective thickness. Six types of rocks, including mudstone, siltstone, fine-grained sandstone, medium-grained sandstone, coarse-grained sandstone and sandy conglomerate, are recognized by comprehensive analysis of gamma ray (Jilin gamma), resistivity, interval transit time and spontaneous potential curve, and cross ploting of well logs for lithology determination. The backward-inference method is proposed under the circumstance of similar log curve characteristics. Integrating regional sedimentary facies distribution and log correlation with adjacent wells this method can distinguish fine-grained sandstone from pebbled sandstone. Moreover, the authors studied the reservoir effective thickness based on well log interpretation, built the models of porosities, permeabilities and oil saturation, summarized the lower limits of lithology, physical property and electrical property to calibrate the oil and water layers encountered in 39 wells in the study area and mapped the effective thickness and litho-facies of single sand layer.

A set of volcaniclastic rocks were developed in the Lower Cretaceous Ta Ⅱ Formation of South Buir Sag in Tamtsag Basin of Mongolia. The main rock types are lithic arkose and tuffaceous sandstone, of which the reservoir physical properties and diagenesis are different from normal sedimentary rocks. Detailed studies were carried on the petrology, physical properties, diagenesis and evolution of reservoirs, using polarizing microscope, scan electron microscope and X ray diffraction. The results indicate that intergranular pore, micropore among matrix and intergranular dissolution pores are the main pore types of Ta Ⅱ Formation. The main diagenetic phase belongs to stage A of middle diagenesis phase. Compaction and cementation were the main factors reducing reservoir porosity, and the secondary porosity zone was developed because of erosion-dissolution of feldspar and tuffaceous material.

Based on the analysis of seismic reflections and AVO response,the authors systematically studied the gas reservoir characteristics of the 1st member of Shanxi Formation of Su20 block in Sulige gas field using the supervised SPR and CM hydrocarbon prediction. It is believed that the gas reservoirs of the 1st member of Shanxi Formation is widely distributed in the study area, and mainly controlled by lithology. On seismic reflection profiles, the gas reservoirs show high amplitude and middle-low frequency, or low amplitude and middle-low frequency. AVO response on near angle stack is stronger than that on the far angle stacks. In addition to the known gas-rich region in the middle-west and southeast of Su20 block, there exist some lithologic gas reservoirs in the north and southwest of the study area, which are the important targets of future exploration and development.

A systematic study was undertaken on the geological conditions of shale gas reservoirs of dark mud shale in the Lower Cretaceous Muling Formation, using organic geochemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, high pressure mercury injection, scanning electron microscopy and low temperature nitrogen adsorption. The results show that the dark mudstone of the Muling Formation is widely developed, with significant cumulative thickness and medium TOC content. The organic matter that mainly consists of Ⅱ2 kerogen is in the mature to over mature stage, indicating that the organic matter has entered the stages of significant gas production. The content of brittle minerals such as quartz, feldspar and carbonate in shale is high. There exists certain amount of pore porosity and micro fractures, which is a type of pore structure with low porosity and low permeability. According to drilling data, the dark mud shale of Lower Cretaceous Muling Formation has a good gas-bearing ability. Compared with major shale oil and gas fields in the US and continental shale gas deposits in China, parameters of Muling Formation reach the standard, indicating that it has a good potential for shale gas exploration.

This study designs three dissolution experiments focusing on the interaction of three kinds of fluid with Bozhong granite in autoclave equipment. The three kinds of fluid include atmospheric water, organic acid (ground water) and organic acids in atmospheric water (ground water). The sample analysis before and after experiment shows that the fluids interact with alkali feldspars and plagioclases which are the major minerals in granite. Different degrees of corrosion, dissolution and secondary action happen to the alkali feldspars and plagioclases at different temperatures. The secondary porosity and secondary minerals such as kaolinite are also formed which increase the surface porosity and the average throat size. There are differences in the weight of samples before and after the reaction, and it is found that the higher the temperature, the smaller the residual weight. The analysis of the three interaction results indicates that the organic acid (ground water) has the most obvious impact on improving the granite reservoir properties compared with the other two kinds of solution.

With the integration of core physical property, mercury injection data and gas test data, the authors determined the lower limit value by empirical statistics, median pressure method, 0.1 μm mercury saturation method, pore throat radius method, porosity-permeability cross-po method, and used the method of gas testing for validation. It is concluded that porosity and permeability lower limit value were 3.558% and 0.008 5×10^-3 μm² for the intermediate-basic volcanic rocks of W studied area in southern Songliao Basin.

Based on the electrical imaging logging, the watershed algorithm is applied to the identification of the gravel in the electrical imaging logging figure, and the parameter selection of the watershed algorithm directly affects the recognition result. Different optimal parameters are selected for each step of watershed algorithm to identify the gravel and the processing results are compared and analyzed. Finally the optimal parameters of watershed algorithm to identify the gravel are determined. The result is good when the optimal parameters is used to AA wells, BB and CC wells of Jilin Wangfu Fault Depression.

It is proved that the magnetic survey data acquired with dynamic delta wing at low altitude is reliable, after the quality evaluation of the method in Duobaoshan area. Under the premise that the data quality is good, this study compares and analyses the results of other actual measurement methods in Duobaoshan area with the results of the method of magnetic survey with dynamic delta wing at low altitude.It shows that the method of magnetic survey with dynamic delta wing at low altitude is proved to be more efficient, with larger control area,and can reduce the disturbance of artificial magnets on the ground to some extent.Therefore, this method is a fast and efficient one for magnetic surveys.

In this study, the special well-seismic relation has been established on the basis of comprehensive analysis of newly acquired and processed 3D seismic data in a block of the North Yellow Sea Basin, and drilling and logging data of wells. Seismic facies analysis, pre-stack simultaneous inversion and multi-attribute analysis were used to identify and predict the geometry and spatial distribution of the igneous rocks. Seismic response of igneous rock was characterized. The results show that there exist a series of large buried-hill-type igneous rocks in the east, a typical piercing igneous rock mass in the northwest, and some small scattered intrusive stock or dyke in other areas of the studied area.

Based on the calculation theory of spectral element method, the authors used the coordinate rotation algorithm to calculate seismic wave field of arbitrary anisotropic viscoelastic medium to understand the characteristics of seismic wave field in complex media. The results of calculation indicate that qSV wave is a shear anelastic deformation and qP wave is expansion of anelastic deformation. Moreover, the quality factor not only affects the amplitude of seismic wave, but also the frequency of propagation. The viscoelastic medium absorbs high-frequency quickly and there is no frequency dispersion in certain frequency range.

This study presents a new dual-sensor summation technique for cross-ghosting based on F-K domain, which uses the F-K domain cross-ghosting equations to obtain a calibration factor by matched filter, to optimize the dual-sensor summation technique. Both the synthetic and practical data processing have good results. The ghost is suppressed and the frequency band is broadened. The new method has achieved better results and higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to the traditional methods.

Aiming at the complexity of wavefield propagation and full waveform inversion (FWI) processing caused by rugged seafloor, this study proposes the corresponding inversion strategy. Special processing is applied to the grids on rugged seafloor to solve the problems on topography approximation during forward modeling and static correction. The authors use fast multi-scale algorithm, wide angle compensation strategy and static correction strategy in FWI. The result shows that the inversion strategy proposed in this study can both significantly improve the inversion efficiency and obtain good inversion results in deep parts and far offset. It can also choose strategy according to the water error, to achieve good FWI results on rugged seafloor.

In order to understand the AVAz responses from reservoirs with parallel vertical fractures,which underlying VTI strata, we propose a revevant forward modelling method. The method was in analogy with the formula of horizontal slowness components in Schoenberg's method, using the slowness components in terms of incident angle, azimuth and phase velocity in VTI medium as input, and simplified the scheme of anisotropic reflectivity method. We model seismic AVAz responses from the reservoir by this method, and analyze the variation of seismic responses with incident angle and the degree of anisotropy in the overburden. The results show that it is more accurate to undertake AVAz analysis in a reasonable big incident, and the overlying VTI strata weakens the reservoir's seismic AVAz responses. Numerical simulation in log scale proves the practicability of this method.

In this study, the Artificial Fish-School Algorithm and Pearson correlation coefficient are combined, and introduced into the identification of fracture properties with shear wave splitting method. The results show that the method can effectively and accurately identify the fracture properties. Compared with model space scanning, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm, this method has an improved stability and an increased convergence rate which is three times faster.

Based on remote sensing and GIS technologies, the data of MSS imageries in 1975, TM imageries in 2000 and ETM imageries in 2015 is used to obtain the spatial distribution data of Sanjiang plain wetland by visual interpretation and supplementing field survey verification. Further study on the distribution features from 1975 to 2015 is carried out. Combined with the data of climate and precipitation, the authors analyze the influencing factors of wetland variation. The results show that before 2000, the total area of wetland reduced 8 426.81 km², of which the swamp meadow wetland reduced most obviously, while the constructed wetland increased 6 939.87 km². After 2000, the swamp meadow wetland dramatically reduced 2 794.24 km², and the constructed wetland kept increasing. The landscape fragmentation of natural wetland increased, indicating that wetland distribution features were mainly influenced by human activities.

In order to grasp the spatial-temporal dynamic state of yellow substance concentration in Ledong waters, South China Sea, the inversion method and expression pattern are studied. The yellow substance absorption coefficient data of remote sensing geological survey in Ledong waters are used to do stepwise regression analysis for Carder and Tassan models, and the yellow substance concentration inversion models are obtained. The determination coefficient R² of Carder regression model is 0.62, whereas the R² of Tassan regression model is 0.78. The high precision Tassan regression model is used to retrieve yellow substance concentration on multiple phases and its variations over the years and seasons are analyzed. The results show that yellow substance concentration is a gradually declining from the shore to deep sea, and its distribution is influenced by ocean currents and human activities to a certain extent. The yellow substance concentration has a yearly rising trend, and its highest concentration in winter.

Influenced by the storm surge of the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea on March 18, 2015,the navigation channel of Sendamei Port in Weifang City was silted up. In order to calculate the sediment volume, three sections of the channel with different distances from the coast and different degree of siltation were selected based on the tonner and length of the channel to conduct undersea topographic survey with the multibeam sounding system. Compared with the channel terrain data before the storm surge, the sediment volume of the three sections of the channel after being affected by the storm surge were figured out and the sediment volume of the whole channel was calculated, and the loss brought by the storm surge to the construction unit of the channel were assessed.

Aiming to understand the copper and zinc abundance, available form transformation and its natural impact factors of soils in mid-western Jilin Province, the authors systematically evaluated and analyzed the data of top soil samples collected from the cultivated lands of six sampling sites (Lishu-Gongzhuling, Jiutai-Dehui, Yushu-Fuyu, Nongan, Da'an and Tongyu) using available coefficient and correlation analysis. The research results indicate that:① copper and zinc abundance of the middle part of Jilin Province outclasses the western part, and both are slightly lower than the background values of Jilin Province, which indicates the potential nutrient deficiency, and the Muller indexes of all samplings are at zero level or the first level, i.e. no soil heavy metal contamination; ② the available form transformation degrees of soil copper and zinc of the middle part of Jilin Province is higher than that of the western part in general but with a relatively strong regional difference; ③ available form transformation of soil copper and zinc is positively related to their total content, soil Mo, Ni, Se, MgO and CaO, while available form transformation of soil zinc is negatively related to soil pH, soil Cr, soil Mn and soil P. The distinctions of copper and zinc abundance and available form transformation between different soil types are notable, and black soil is with the highest copper and zinc transformation rate.