Czekanowskialean fossils are discovered from the Middle Jurassic Yaojie Formation in the Baojishan Basin，Gansu． They are assigned to Czekanowskia (Vachrameevia) shiguaiensis Sun et al． according to the leaf morphology and epidermal structures．Compared the stomatal ratio between the fossil and the nearest living equivalent species--Ginkgo biloba L., the value of CO₂ concentration in the Middle Jurassic Baojishan Basin was deduced as about 1. 55×0^－3 ，which is closer to fitted curve of the GEOCAＲB Ⅲ carbon balance model． It shows that Czekanowskia (Vachrameevia) shiguaiensis might be a good fossil plant for reconstructing paleoatmospheric CO₂ level． The results indicate that the climate of Baojishan Basin was warm and wet in the Middle Jurassic．

The authors studied the characteristics of U-Pb chronology and geochemistry of trachyte in Zhalax- iageyong of Tuotuohe area，Qinghai． The results show that the zircon U-Pb age is 32. 39 ～34. 06 Ma，with weigh- ted average age of (33. 09 ±0. 26) Ma，which indicate the trachyte formed in Oligocene． The rock belongs to high -SiO₂ ，high-K peraluminous-metaluminous shoshonite series． The ＲEE pattern appears rightward sloping with significant fractionation of LＲEE and HＲEE ［(La/Yb) N =19. 96 ～34. 00，mean =26. 99］，with slight positive Eu anomalies (δEu =1. 00 ～1. 20，mean =1. 08)． The samples are characterized by enrichment in large ion litho- phile elements (LILEs: e. g． Ｒb，Ba，K)，depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs: e. g． Nb，Ta，P， Ti)，but HFSEs Th and Zr are richer． The rock has the characteristics of C-type adakite，as a new product of the partial melting of mafic lower crust． On the basis of the previous research results in combination with regional com- parison，it is considered that Zhalaxiageyong trachyte formed in extensional stage after orogenic thickening in Early Cenozoic．

Zircons in Zhungashun granodiorites are all euhedral to subhedral in shape with homogeneous oscillatory growth bands and high Th/U ratio (0. 67 ～1. 26)，which suggests their magmatic origin． LA--ICP--MS zir- con U--Pb dating shows the weighted age of (433 ±2) Ma with MSDW =0. 44，indicating the intrusion formed in Early Silurian． The rocks have a SiO 2 content variety from 62. 74% to 64. 50%，high CaO (4. 47% ～6. 44%) and Al 2 O 3 (16. 51% ～17. 22%)，low K 2 O (1. 51% ～2. 02%) and Na 2 O (2. 21% ～3. 54%)，belonging to calc-alkaline series． The rocks are characterized by enrichment in LILE (such as K，Ｒb，Ba and Sr) and rela- tively depleting in HFSE (such as Nb，Ta，Hf，Zr and Ti)，and the chondrite-normalized ＲEE patterns exhibit a right-dipping type． Low Mg # values (39 ～43 ＜45) and compatible elements like Cr (3. 12 × 10 ^－6 ～ 24. 6 × 10^－6 ) and Ni (5. 57 ×10 ^－6 ～11. 6 ×10 ^－6 ) suggest that the primary magma was derived from lower crust． Combined with the data of igneous rocks of the same age，the authors conclude that the formation of Zhungashun grano- diorites were related to the subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic plate．

Siga Hills is located in the greenstone belt of southern Victoria Lake，and most gold deposits in this area are belonging to typical greenstone belts BIF． The gold deposit occurs in the banded iron formation，and the gold bodies are exactly controlled by both rocks and structures． The magnetic survey shows that there are three mag- netism anomaly belts (M1，M2 and M3) in Maheiga gold deposit，which caused by BIF and gold mineralization． Soil geochemical survey expresses that the element Au has a relationship with As and Sb． Comparing with the infor- mation of gold deposits in this region，the authors proposed three areas as the prospecting direction in Siga Hills， including N-S extended line of Maheiga gold mineralization belt and the contact zone with granite in the east，the N-S belt of Siga Hills and the area between Siga Hills and Maheiga．

Based on field geological investigation，petrological research and geochemical analysis are carried on to confirm the tectonic implication of the Ｒaohe basalt． The studies indicate that the basalt has typical character- istics of pillow structure，quenching rim，intermediate hollow skeletal and spinifex textures，revealing that they are formed in the environment of submarine eruption． The analysis samples show geochemical features of high TiO₂， MgO and low Al₂O₃ ，CaO，P₂O₅ and K₂O，and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (Ｒb，Sr and Ba)． While the trace element spider diagram shows a upward type，and the ＲEE diagram shows a right deviation (∑LＲEE/∑HＲEE is 5.8 ～6.5) without δEu anomaly (0. 92 ～0. 97)，indicating the characteristics of ocean is- land basalts． Tectonic discrimination diagrams of major and trace element reveal that they are formed in the oceanic island and intra-plate setting． Compared with the geochemical characteristics of Azores-type and Hawaii-type oceanic island，the samples show the significant characteristics of Hawaii-type ocean island． The studies of source and petrogenesis suggest the samples derivated from mantle source，added melting metasomatic mantle，and influenced by the circulation between mantle and crust． The results implied that the Ｒaohe pillow basalt belongs to Hawaii-type ocean island basalt，and formed in the intra-plate setting of off-axis volcanism during the stage of oceanic crustal consumption，providing direct evidence to the existence of mature ocean basin in the Ｒaohe area． Combining with the regional geological research，the authors suggest that the Ｒaohe area experienced tectonic evolution of the paleo- Pacific plates expansion，mantle plume upwelling in the intra-plate setting of off-axis，oceanic crustal consumption， obduction-accretion with Jiamusi Massif．

To discuss the connection of the formation of Shihu gold deposit with Mapeng granite rock mass and quartz-diorite porphyrite dike，the authors study the U --Pb chronology of granodiorites and quartz-diorite porphy- rites，and analyze the geochemistry of granite diorites，quartz-diorite porphyrites，mineralized alteration rocks and wall rocks，respectively． The U--Pb zircon age of Mapeng granite is (124. 8 ±1. 4) Ma (MSWD =0. 74) and the age of dioritic porphyrite dike is (127. 3 ±1. 1) Ma (MSWD =1. 15)． But there are significant differences in their geochemical characteristics，which indicate different origins of them． Geochemical characteristics show that Mapeng granodiorites and mineralization-alteration rocks have a relatively concordant distribution pattern of rare earth and trace elements，but they are different in wall rocks． It is proved that the origin of ore-forming fluids of Shihu gold deposit is close to that of Mapeng granodiorites． Besides，Mapeng granodiorites have high potassium and calcalka- line，which is rich in LＲEE and deficient in HＲEE with weak Eu negative anomaly． The high Sr/Y and La/Yb ra- tios show that Mapeng intrusion is formed by mantle-derived magma mixed with granite magma． The mantle-derived magma invasion and mixed with granite magma that provides the ore-forming fluid and ore-forming materials． Map- eng intrusion is the carrier of ore-form fluids and materials． Combined with the features of the ore deposit geology， the study first proposed that dioritic porphyrite dikes are closely related to ore bodies in temporal and space，that should owe to the diorite porphyry dikes as impermeable layers，which have a certain sealing effect on the ore-form- ing fluids from the Mapeng intrusions and lead to the enrichment of mineralization and alteration near these dikes， that is，dike closure effect． Shihu gold deposit formed during lithospheric thinning and craton destruction of Meso- zoic，and it should be a kind of an orogenic gold deposits．

The study of geochronology and whole-rock geochemistry in Que'ershan granitic complex from the northern Yidun arc collision-orogenic belt，western Sichuan shows that Que'ershan complex consists mainly of gran- odiorite，monzogranite and syenogranite． The results of zircon LA--ICP--MS U--Pb data indicate that the granodiorite of this granitic complex formed in the Late Triassic (224 ±3 Ma)，and the monzogranite was emplaced in the Early Cretaceous (102 ±1 Ma)． The geochemical data suggest that the Late Triassic granodiorites belong to the volcanic arc granite series，and might form in a pre-collision subduction setting，whereas the Early Cretaceous monzogranites and syenogranites belong to post-collisional rock serious，and probably formed within plate or continent during the post-orogeny stage． In combination with regional geological data，the authors propose that the Que'ershan granitic complex were results of subduction-collision-uplift of Yidun arc collision-orogenic belt during Indosinian--Yans- hanian period．

The Sukumaland greenstone belt of the northwestern Tanzania Craton is an important gold district in Tanzania Vitoria Lake greenstone belt． Gold-bearing quartz vein is the main mineralization，and the distribution of the orebodies is strictly controlled by shear zones． Based on the study of regional tectonic characteristics and geo- chemical characteristics，the authors conclude that the basalts in Sukumaland greenstone belt have been formed in the back-arc setting，the rhyolites and granites formed in the continental arc setting，and N--S pressional structures and E --W extensional structures are the main tectonic framework． The metallogenic model of gold-bearing quartz vein has been eatablished，which shows that mineralized veins are concentrated in EW，SEE and NE shear zones， and the formation of rich orebody has experienced multistage structures deformation，superposition and enrichment of metallogenic fluids．

Geochemical analysis of Wuxing Cu--Ni--PGE deposit indicates that the rock samples have obvious characteristics of low content of SiO₂ (48. 36% ～52. 68%)and wide range of Al₂O₃ (1. 24% ～14. 8%)，Fe₂O₃T (3. 67% ～11. 31%)，CaO(6. 63% ～ 21. 42%) and MgO(5. 52% ～ 19. 15% ) with the m/f values range from 0. 86 to 8. 89，falling into the range of ferrous mafic-ultramafic rocks． According to the Harker variation diagrams， Wuxing rocks originated from fractional crystallization dominated by diopside minerals，meanwhile，middle-upper crustal contamination occurred in the same process of the fractional crystallization． Geochemical characteristics of the trace elements show that the original magma came from depleted mantle source． Fractional crystallization and contamination from crustal materials are contribute to the saturation of sulphur element，and the sulfides carry with metal elements liquate from silicate melts in the form of melts． With the increase of magma the Wuxing deposit formed in shallow part of the crust finally．

Based on the geological survey of the Helong second forest farm iron deposit in Changbai Mountain area，the authors found gold and silver ore from iron ore，which symbiosis with iron ore in the space combined with drilling and geophysical and geochemical data． Iron ore is magnetite quartzite type，hosted in Archean amphibolite gneiss and amphibolite，belonging to sedimentary metamorphic iron ore deposit． Gold and silver ore is of gold-bear- ing quartz vein type，found in acid dike invaded in the old metamorphic rocks，belonging to epithermal type gold deposit． The two kinds of deposits belong to the spatial intersection by two phase and different ore-forming materi- als，and develop into an unique iron-gold-silver polymetallic mineral type． Industrial ore body mainly appeared in the intersection part between NW-trending ductile shear zone and Archean metamorphic rocks，especially the inter- section part between two fractures，following the orebody trend (NW) and cutting orebody trend (NE)． Along with the Xar Moron Ｒiver suture belt，searching for NW and NE fractures and dike rocks development belt in the old metamorphic rock area which has stronger ductile shear deformation，is the main prospecting direction for this kind of iron-gold-silver polymetallic deposits．

The 1∶ 5 million stream sediment anomaly in Xinlitun area of eastern Harbin，Heilongjiang Prov- ince was verified by using the method of 1∶ 2 million soil measuring，high-accuracy ground magnetic survey and IP gradient array measurement． It was found that there were 182 soil anomalies of 11 kinds of single element such as Mo，29 combinative anomalies，1 high magnetic anomaly，and 2 IP anomalies． On the basis of comprehensive a- nalysis of its geological background，the trenching work was revealed at the set of geophysical and geochemical a- nomalies and multiple molybdenum ore bodies were found．

Through field geological investigation，it is determined that the unconformity contact between Tuan- shanzi and Dahongyu formations of Changcheng Group in Xingcheng，Liaoning Province． In Jiashan，the top of stromatolite dolostone in the 3rd Member of Tuanshanzi Formation develops the ancient karst landform while there are basal conglomerates in the bottom of Dahongyu Formation． On the contact surface，we can see the conglomer- ates of Dahongyu Formation are filling in the dolomite of Tuanshanzi Formation along the Karst cave，cleavage crack or structural fractures． The geochemical analysis results show that the sedimentation environment of Tuanshanzi For- mation is oxidizing and the paleo climate is warm and wet． But the sedimentary environment of Dahongyu Forma- tion is lean oxygen to oxidation，the paleo climate is hot and dry． The results above can prove that it is reasonable for the existence of Xingcheng movement which has a great influence on Xingcheng area．

To clarify the division and characteristics of Gongshan tectonic units in northwestern Yunnan，the authors collected and collated different scaled regional geological survey data，and then obtained four new under- standings: ① tectonic units are divided into Dulongjiang magmatic arc and Bingzhongluo block，and the demarca- tion between them is the inclined eastward Gaoligong Mountain thrusting nappe fault; ②Dulongjiang magmatic arc belongs to Tengchong orogenic belt，while Bingzhongluo block belongs to the Three Ｒiver orogenic belt，which are separated by Meso-Tethys; ③ the Meso-Tethys opened in Middle Jurassic，westward subducted in Late Jurassic- early Early Cretaceous，and closed in later Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous; ④ Bangongcuo-Dongqiao suture zone in the district has been covering by the Gaoligong Mountain rock group which westward thrust nappe．

The Paleozoic layes are important for natural gas and light oil exploration in Middle East． Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of Arabian Plate provided favorable petroleum conditions for Paleozoic hydrocarbon accu- mulation． The analysis shows that two sets of high-quality mature source rocks in Precambrian-lower Cambrian Huqf Group and Silurian Qusaiba Member，accompanied with multiple sets of favorable reservoir-cap assemblage as well as a series of large scale anticlines and faulted anticlines traps induced by basement uplift or salt-arch controlled the Paleozoic hydrocarbon distribution． Huqf and Qusaiba are the two main petroleum systems in Paleozoic section，and each petroleum system includes several oil and gas plays． Affected by the three main controlling factors of the inher- ited palaeo-high and salt structure，the favorable reservoir-cap assemblages and the fault passageway，the predomi- nant hydrocarbon accumulation model is migration and accumulation based on transportation through lateral and ver- tical fault and a“generated in the lower and stored in the upper part”．

Based on the data collected from various sources and applying the theories and methods of basin analysis，this paper summarizes the tectonic-sedimentation evolution and petroleum geology characteristics of South Sumatra Basin，discusses the oil and gas distribution patterns and analyzes its hydrocarbon exploration potential． The results show that the South Sumatra Basin is a Cenozoic back-arc rift basin，experiencing 5 stages in evolution， including pre-rifting，rifting，transition，sag and compression． The principal source rock of the basin is carbona- ceous shale and coal depositing during the transition stage． The main reservoirs are found in upper Oligocene sand- stones，lower Miocene carbonates and pre-Paleogene crack basement． Generally，the hydrocarbon distribution is characterized by patterns of gas in the deeper reservoirs，oil and gas in the middle reservoirs，and oil in the shallo- wer reservoirs． Oil and gas are enriched in the structural traps and structural combination traps． Faults，favorable sedimentary facies of reservoirs and paleo-highs are the principal factors controlling the oil and gas distribution． The South Sumatra Basin has good hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and favorable exploration potential． Faulted slopes surrounding the source kitchens，paleo-highs are the advantageous exploration areas． In addition，the strati- graphic traps and lithologic traps in the depressions are also prospecting exploration targets． They should be studied and explored deeply．

Through the methods of rock slide identification，SEM，petro-physical analysis，clastic diagenesis and its influence on physical properties in the Late Permian Linxi Formation in Linxi area，Inner Mongolia have been systematically studied． The results show that clasolite diagenesis in this area has experienced compaction，ce- mentation，metasomatism and dissolution． The three types of sandstone cements are argillaceous，siliceous and car- bonate cements． Argillaceous cement appears the most and mainly composed of illite，the second is chlorite． Car- bonate cement is mainly calcite． The main ingredient of siliceous cement are quartz secondary enlargement and au- thigenic quartz microlite． Vitrinite reflectance (Ｒo)，content of S% in mudstone illite/smectite (I/S)，quartz secondary enlargement level，particle contact type，illite crystallinity and some other data show that Linxi Formation clastic rocks in Linxi area is in the late diagenetic stages． The physical properties of reservoir is closely related to diagenesis． Compaction and cementation make porosity and permeability in Linxi area lower，while dissolution makes porosity higher．

To figure out the origin and sources of crude oils from Baiyun sag of the Pearl Ｒiver Mouth Basin， the authors analyzed the distributions and compositions of various biomarkers in two kinds of crude oils from differ- ent tectonic units in the Pearl Ｒiver Mouth Basin systematically． It is found that the Pr/Ph ratios of the crude oils from the north structures of the Panyu low uplift and panyu 4 sub-sag are relatively low ( ＜2. 0)，which indicates that the terrigenous organic matter input is moderate，and the bicadinanes derived from dammar resin are almost ab- sent，the contents of rearranged steranes and hopanes are low． However，C ₃₀ 4-methyl steranes related to dinoflagel- lates are abnormally abundant，and the ratio of C ₃₀ 4-methyl steranes and C ₂₉ regular sterane is more than 2.1，and the C _{19 －26} tricyclic terpanes show a normal distribution while the dominant peak is C ₂₁ ，suggesting that algae has made an important contribution to original hydrocarbon parent material，which is consistent with that of lacustrine source rocks of the Wenchang Formation． The Pr/Ph ratios of the condensates from the south structures of the Pan- yu low uplift and Baiyun sag are more than 4. 0，with abundant oleanane and bicadinanes，the contents of rear- ranged steranes and hopanes are relatively high，lacking C 30 4-methyl steranes． While tricyclic terpane C _{19 －26} presents the characteristics of the trapezium in turn reduce，indicating that terrigenous organic matter is their original parent material，which accords with the petroleum geology background of the development of coal-containing source rocks of the Enping Formation in the Baiyun sag．

Through the comparison of NMＲ logging data with laboratory pressure mercury data of igneous rock reservoirs，the relationship between transverse relaxation time T 2 and pressure P C of the formation pore fluid is es- tablished by using interpolation method，which is logarithmic relationship． According to this relationship，the au- thors use T 2 spectrum to construct capillary pressure curves． Linear method and logarithmic method are used to con- struct capillary pressure curves，and the capillary pressure curve by logarithmic method is closer to the experimental capillary pressure curve． The application of research results in the study of igneous rocks in eastern depression of Liaohe Oilfield has a good effect in evaluating pore structure of igneous rock reservoirs． The study found that a cap- illary stress curve with small sorting coefficient，large pore throat slanting degrees，high value maximum into mercu- ry saturation and big average pore throat radius has better corresponding pore structure．

The comprehensive study of lithology，oil-bearing level and oil saturation of the 2nd Member of Shuangyang Formation established the suitable calculation method of oil saturation for block-C． The effect of deposi- tion and structure on oil-bearing level was analyzed compared with actual oil-bearing level． Oil reservoir rocks of the 2nd Member of Shuangyang Ｒeservoirs in the studied area are mainly siltstone，fine sandstone and glutenite． Oil levels of reservoirs are all above fluorescence． Most of calculated oil saturations，based on Archie，are consistent with the actual oil saturation． Oil saturation of 70%，50% and 38% are regarded as the distinguishing criteria for gas layer，oil layer，oil-water layer and water layer． The oil-bearing level of reservoirs in the studied area is con- trolled by both deposition and structure． The deposition mainly controls rock textures and physical properties of the reservoir，while structure controls hydrocarbon accumulation，i. e． ，the actual oil saturation in structural highs is higher than the calculated result，while in structural lows is lower than the calculated result．

Aiming at the logging characteristics of basalt in complex lithology of igneous rocks in the eastern depression of Liaohe Oilfield，the authors found four different types of basalt strata according to the logging data of the eastern depression and identification of the slides of the coring section ． The basalts have been divided into two groups to contrast． The first group: stomatal basalt and breccia basalt; the second group: basalt and oil-water bear- ing basalt． Using basalt stratigraphic data to make logging responsive statistics，and compare the difference of the various kinds of logging parameters and make cross plot，it is concluded that the breccia basalt has higher SP value contrast with stomatal basalt，and oil-water bearing basalt has higher GＲ and CNL values contrast with basalt． The reasons are that the fractures developed well in stomatal basalt and breccia basalt with low density，and the clay minerals filled into the fractures in breccia basalt leading to high SP value; and the H element in oil-water bearing basalt leading to high GＲ and CNL values．

Aiming at the frequency bandwidth of the marine seismic data acquired by conventional streamer acquisition narrowing down，which is affected by ghost，this paper put forward a deghosting method which can sup- press the ghost and widen the frequency band． Firstly，the formula to produce mirror records was derived in fre- quency-space domain and the authors estimated the best delay time of ghost by using parameter search method based on maximization of peak factor． Then the optimal delay time was taken into the formula to produce formula and obtain optimal mirror data． Ultimately，the optimal deghosted output can be calculated by using joint deconvo- lution algorithm． Applying the method to simulative variable depth data and marine variable-depth streamer data，it was showed that this deghosting method could suppress the ghost，reduce the spectral notches and acquire wider- band data．

The conventional internal multiples elimination method can not be applied in the OBC data because receivers are at the bottom while the sources are at the surface of the sea，which makes the practical marine seismic data processing face with great challenge． In this paper，we get the virtual shot records with the virtual source and receivers at the bottom of the sea by reconstructing the OBC data，using seismic interferometry． The results are the same as conventional seismic data with the source and receivers at surface，which can convert the internal multiples of the OBC data to conventional surface-related multiples and internal multiples． Comparing with the results of CFP method，we can conclude that the seismic interferometry wave-filed reconstruction method can be applied well in in- ternal multiples elimination of OBC data．

According to the principle of singular value decomposition，the authors analyze its feasibility in po- tential field de-noising，and put forward a judgment method of effective order k． Compared the results between sin- gular value decomposition de-noising and wavelet de-noising of gravity anomalies of polygon plate model，it is proved the validity and advantage of the singular value decomposition de-noising． It is applied in the measurement of gravity data processing，and the good results have been achieved． The theoretical model and the measured data processing results show that the de-noising method based on singular value decomposition can effectively remove the random noise，improve the accuracy of data processing and interpretation．

College of Instrument Science and Electrical Engineering，Jilin University，Changchun 130026，China

In order to detect the hidden dangers in dam，like fractures，caves and leakage layers，the authors establish digital model and physical model using three-dimensional high density resistivity method． The results show that the form of fractures by indoor physical model in three-dimensional maps and slice figures have changed，but their distribution ranges，locations and actual proportions are almost same，indicating that the numerical simulation results can be a theoretical guide for engineering practice with a certain reference value．

Aiming at the types of sediment-hosted copper deposits and its metallogenic belt division in South America，the typical sediment-hosted copper deposits were interpreted based on the Google Earth remote sensing image，and the interpreted indicates of the different types sediment-hosted copper deposits have been established． Based on the Landsat--ETM remote sensing image，the Peri-Pacific first level metallogenic belt and three second level metallogenic belts including northern Permian metallogenic belts，central Paleogene metallogenic belts and southern Cretaceous metallogenic belts，were divided in South America according to the distribution and geological conditions as well as the remote sensing image characteristics．

Taking Zhayu town of Zuogong country in Changdu City as study area，and using CBEＲS-2 remote sensing images，digital elevation model data and land use type data，the authors extract vegetation index and densi- ty slice and determine vegetation coverage and classify it by the software of remote sensing，extract slope information and classify it by the software of geographic information system，and revise existing land use types under the scale of 1∶ 500 00． The results show 76. 26% of the soils in Zhayu town at a mild and below erosion state，strong and above soil erosion reach to 5. 48%． The area of severe soil erosion mainly located at the cultivated land，middle soil ero- sion area mainly located at grassland． Therefore，rationalization of land utilize，the increase of the vegetation cov- erage and its related measure could reduce soil erosion intensity effectively．

For the study of the degree of change in the temperature difference after the effect of factors such as the vegetation and surface conditions in the same region at different phases，Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM + thermal infrared data were taken as the data source，and different surface true temperatures of 12 months in Songjianghe region were inversed based on radiative transfer equation method and the affecting factors of appearing steady temperature abnormal area were analyzed． While the mean and variance results of 12 months were calculat- ed． The results show that ① temperature anomaly region in the average temperature anomaly image shows a very similar trend with the majority，while the northwest region and the central region of the image appear more tempera- ture anomalies; ② The variance of the high temperature anomaly area in the original series of the variance image is large，i． e． the temperature fluctuations in the time series is large． The variance of the original series of images in high vegetation coverage area is small，that is the time － series change in temperature is stable．

In order to realize accurate mobile navigation and position，the authors combines the offline map software with the data such as the imaging map based on web Mercator projection，DEM data and OSM vector traffic map，and uses the position function of the offline map software and the characteristic information such as topogra- phy，vegetation，pass and sighting conditions to realize on-site interpretation of the mobile navigation and position． At the same time，the authors summarize the results of the application of the mobile navigation and position in the surveys of one transmission line in Guangxi and one potassic salt ore in Laos． The results show that the mobile navi- gation and position based on offline satellite map can not only help the field workers to master the whole navigation route but also verify the on-site details through the on-site interpretation，thereby，the navigation route can be opti- mized to reach the position of the unknown points smoothly．

In order to study the formation mechanism of Xuelang Mountain landslide，four sensors were suc- cessfully set up． On the basis of continuous monitoring from January to April，the activity characteristics of rock fis- sures on trailing edge of landslide were obtained． Monitoring and research shows that consequent slope and mud- stone interlayer are the two major internal factors，while precipitation and low temperature are the two major in- duced factors． The daily precipitation of 20 mm，the accumulation precipitation 30 ～40 mm in the first two days or 40 ～50 mm in the first three days can be used as the critical early warning index for geological disaster warning and forecasting．

Based on the geological conditions of Well Daqingzi in the demonstration project area，the authors used TOUGHＲEACT to design two schemes including oil group and saline group，to explore oil reservoirs and non- oil reservoirs，which is more suitable for CO 2 geological storage． The results show that the main ion concentration and total salinity of the formation water in the oil bearing group is lower than that of the saline group，so do the amount of dawsonite which is the main mineral for CO 2 geological storage，and the CO 2 mineral trapping in the oil group． The existence of the residual oil reduced the specific surface area and water saturation for the ion exchange between the mineral and the formation water，and occupied the space of mineral deposits． Though water-rock interaction is limited，CO 2 geological storage can be completed in oil reservoir，and there are many advantages showing that oil reservoir is still beneficial for CO 2 geological storage．

It is essential to study on its properties for the better development and utilization of oil shales. Through TG analysis on Nong'an oil shale in Jilin，the authors found that under N 2 atmosphere，their thermal weight loss was divided into three different periods，including the low temperature weight loss period (30℃ ～300℃)，the medium temperature weight loss period (300℃ ～540℃) and the elevated temperature weight loss period (500℃ ～800℃)，in which the medium temperature weight loss period was predominant. Thermal physical properties of Nong'an oil shale were carried out，as a result，thermal physical properties were proved to be anisotropic and these properties for horizontal bedding were higher than those for vertical bedding. In addition，heat conductivity coeffi- cient and volumetric specific heat capacity showed a similar tendency with the increment in temperature，while ther- mal diffusivity didn't present a remarkable change.

In order to effectively expand the area and reduce the cost of the in-situ exploration of oil shales， abandoned dewatering wells need to remoulded to in-situ production wells． In consideration of the similarity of well structures between drainage wells and in-situ production wells，several designs and optimizations were employed to the remoulding methods of drainage wells located in the pilot experimental field for exploring Nong'an oil shale． At the same time，an eccentric-type casing pipe cutter and a three-jaw casing pipe fisher were invented to lift casing pipes． The practical engineering demonstrated that such a technique has several advantages including simple proce- dures，reasonable approach，high efficiency and low cost． Both eccentric-type casing pipe cutter and three-jaw cas- ing pipe fisher have been used in remoulding drainage wells with desired effect．